Geographic and genetic grouping of samples. (a) Locations of sample collection, with photos of dogs sourced from AKC and Wiki. (b) PCA plot showing the distribution of all dogs, excluding East Asian village dogs (left); neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree highlighting relationships between samples (middle); and admixture analysis displaying population structure (right). Sighthound individuals are represented by shaded branches in the phylogenetic tree, while the framed structure bar indicates sighthound individuals. Notably, sighthound samples from the Middle East, Africa, and Europe closely aligned with their respective local samples. Shaanxi sighthounds (indicated by arrowhead pointing to clades) merged with the European sighthound population in both the phylogenetic tree and admixture analysis. The Sloughi individual (marked by asterisks) was excluded from selection and population analysis due to genetic admixture and its outlier position in PCA, neighbor-joining tree, and structure analysis. (c) RFMix result illustrating genetic ancestry of sighthound populations.