Comparing ESMPair and AF-Multimer predictions on newly release targets (a–f) and unresolved cases (g).  a–f, The comparisons are made on the 74 targets whose data were released later on 30 April 2018. a, The bar charts show the relative performance gap between ESMPair and AF-Multimer on three categories: ESMPair outperforms AF-M.; AF-M. outperforms ESMPair; Equal performance. b, The interface and ligand RMSD distributions of predicted stuctures via ESMPair (Purple) and AF-M (Yellow). c–f, Four cases are further visualized. Among this, the ligand orientation are wrongly-predicted via AF-M. on 7VSI and 7AQU, while the binding site are wrongly-predicted by AF-M. on 7SL9 and 6FYH. g, The intermediate filament protein NFM-INA heterodimer structure predicted via ESMPair shows a four-helix bundle. The gray boxes show the interacting motifs of coil 1A, coil 1B and coil 2 of the two proteins.