Examples of the input maps to the VAE model and the output maps from it for the test data. The input map represents the differences between the normalized measured and calculated maps, with threshold processing based on the upper and lower limits, i.e. +0.2 and −0.2. The test data comprise the maps in which the error-free and nine types of error cases were assumed. All the input maps were generated from the same single-beam measurement data, and the 10 types of dose distributions were generated using TPS and in-house software.