esDNA induces JA production and the expression of JA-responsive genes. Effects of esDNA on the expression of JA biosynthesis, signaling, and responsive genes in Arabidopsis Col-0 A) and tomato cv. DN B). OPDA and JA-Ile contents in Arabidopsis Col-0 C) and tomato cv. DN D) as affected by esDNA. esDNA was applied at 200 μg mL⁻¹. FW, fresh weight. Data are expressed as means ± Sd (n = 3). Asterisks denote significant difference (Student's t test, P < 0.05).