Compare clustering results of Visium human IDC data. (A, B) Louvain clustering displays of imputed Visium human IDC using two strategies. (A) Based on self-supervised learning strategy. (B) Based on transfer learning model trained on a high-quality data, Visium mouse sagittal posterior brain. (C) Clustering performance of original (orange) and imputed (blue) IDC in obtaining smooth and continuous spatial domains measured by LISI. Lower LISI score indicates more homogeneous and continuous spatial structure. (D) Domains from original expression. (E) Merged version of (B), having matched domains with (D) by the same color.