Neuroanatomical characteristics of the spinal cord in humans. (A) Correlation plot between whole spine length and whole spinal cord length for 12 participants (n = 12). (B) Correlation plot between whole spine length and LSE and conus length (n = 12). (C) Correlation plot between whole spinal cord length and LSE (n = 12). The linear fitted correlation lines are shown in the plots and the statistical values including Pearson r, adjusted R-square, intercept, slope and P-value are included in the corresponding tables (A–C). (D) Individual values and boxplots of average cross-section areas of the spinal cord at lumbosacral levels L1, L2, …, L5 and sacral (S) region. Repeated-measures ANOVA with post hoc tests was used to compare the largest level to all other levels. For L3 to L1 comparison: t-value = 5.77; for L3 to L2 comparison: t-value = 0.82; for L3 to L4 comparison: t-value = 4.99; for L3 to L5 comparison: t-value = 15.34; for L3 to S comparison: t-value = 24.80.