Coffee intake and incident cardiovascular disease. Coffee consumption up to 5 cups/day was associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease. All levels of coffee consumption reduced risk of congestive cardiac failure and stroke. Model adjusted for covariables age, gender, alcohol intake, tea intake, obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obstructive sleep apnoea, smoking status. *P < 0.05; ^†P < 0.01; ^‡P < 0.0001.