Simulation results. (A) Outgroup F₃ statistics (yellow) and $πiU$(white) for a panel of populations with linearly increasing divergence time. Both statistics are scaled to have the same range, with the first divergence between the most closely related populations set to zero. F₃ is inverted, so that it increases with distance. (B) Simulated (boxplots) and predicted (blue) F₃ statistics under a simple admixture model. (C) Comparison of F₄ ratio (yellow triangles, Equation 29) and ratio of differences (black circles, Equation 31).