Examples of mitral valve geometry measurements on two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography. Panel A shows the parasternal long-axis view, demonstrating the measurements of coaptation to septum distance, tenting height and tenting area (the area enclosed by white lines). Panel B shows the apical four-chamber view, demonstrating the measurement of posterior papillary muscle tethering length (the white dashed line from the posterior papillary muscle to the contralateral mitral valve annulus). Panel C shows the apical two-chamber view, demonstrating the posterior papillary muscle to the mitral valve annulus distance (the white dashed line from the posterior papillary muscle to the contralateral mitral valve annulus) and the anterior papillary muscle to the mitral valve annulus distance (the white dashed line from the anterior PM to the contralateral mitral valve annulus).