Ecological guilds of spiders. a, e, i, m, q, u) Phylogeny of Araneae with ecological guild state mapped in red. Please note that these character maps do not necessarily reflect guild evolution, as some states—even in sister taxa—may not be homologous, and as deep time inference of character states is subject to a high degree of uncertainty. Photos to the right show exemplary species representing analogous guild states. Letters in the phylogenetic tree indicate the phylogenetic position of the displayed species. a–d) G1 (Guild 1) – burrow or tube web: b) Iberesia sp. (Nemesiidae), a spider building a silk lined burrow closed with a cork-lid trap door; and c) Segestria senoculata (Segestriidae), a spider building a silken tube in empty insect holes or under loose bark, with radial signal lines; d) Atypus piceus (Atypidae), a spider building a silk lined burrow that extends into a silken tube above the ground. e–h) G2 (Guild 2)—substrate bound web: f) Ischnothele annulata (Dipluridae), a spider that builds a dense funnel web in vegetation; g) Tegenaria sp. (Agelenidae), a spider that builds a dense funnel web amongst stones; and h) Uroctea durandi (Oecobiidae), a spider that builds a tent-like sheet web with radial signal lines under stones. i–l) G3 (Guild 3)—aerial web: j) Trichonephila plumipes (Araneidae), an orb web spider; k) Latrodectus hasselti (Theridiidae), a spider building a cob web with gumfoot threads; and l) Pholcus phalangioides (Pholcidae), a spider building a cob web with gumfoot threads. m–p) G4 (Guild 4)—ground runner: n) Lycosa praegrandis (Lycosidae), a wolf spider; o) Gnaphosa montana (Gnaphosidae); and p) Harpactea rubicunda (Dysderidae). q–t) G5 (Guild 5)—foliage runner: r) Mopsus mormon (Salticidae), a tree dwelling jumping spider; s) Cheiracanthium mildei (Cheiracanthiidae); t) Oxyopes sp. (Oxyopidae), a lynx spider. u–x) G6 (Guild 6)—web-less ambusher: v) Thomisus onustus (Thomisidae), a crab spider that ambushes on flowers; w) Arkys lancearius (Arkyidae), a nocturnal ambusher on trees; and x) Sicarius ornatus (Sicariidae), an ambusher in sand. Photos (d), (g), (h), (n), (o), (p), (v), and (w) by Arno Grabolle, (f) and (x) by Ivan Magalhães, (j), (k), and (r) by Jim McLean, (b) by Siegfried Huber, and (c) by Jörg Pageler, used with kind permissions (color version online only).