Marketization orientation and regulation orientation in health financing policies at multiple governmental levels (2009–20) Notes: We used relative measures to gauge the marketization orientation and regulation orientation of policy efforts in regard to strengthening health financing governance. Marketization orientation was defined as the proportions of marketization-dimensioned keywords in the total frequency of marketization promotion- and resource input-dimensioned keywords; regulation orientation was defined as the proportions of keywords denoting regulation enforcement reform in the total frequency of regulation enforcement- and resource input-dimensioned keywords. ‘Central’, ‘Provincial’ and ‘Prefectural’ denote the central government, provincial governments and prefectural governments, respectively