Frequent lineage-specific amplifications and suppressions of TE families. (A) Species-specific expansion status of different TE families and types based on phylogenies of insertions. Red dots indicate amplification in a nasuta species, black dots indicate no amplification, and empty boxes indicate fewer than five insertions. (B–D) Unrooted trees of TE insertions of different types of TEs. Their positions on the table in (A) are marked by arrowheads. (E) Expression of expanded and unexpanded TE families in the testes of different species. For each TE family, the transcript abundance is scaled by the lowest expressed species, and the range of expression across the different species is plotted vertically as demarcated by the gray line. Along this line, the expression in the different species is positioned by colored circles. Large circles denote species-specific expansion. The observed positions of the expanded TEs along the expression ranges are tested against the null expectation using randomized permutation testing (top right inset). The null distribution is presented and the observed count is marked by the vertical dotted line. (F) Fold-difference in TE transcript abundance between testes and ovarian expression across species. TEs are subdivided into those that have species-specific expansions and those without.