Plant growth phenotypes in single and multiple mutants of the PIP5K1–3 subgroup genes. (A–Q) Cotyledons (A–H) and whole seedlings (I–P) at 10 d after germination and mature plants (Q) at 5 weeks after germination are shown for the wild type (WT), pip5k1, pip5k2, pip5k3, pip5k1pip5k2, pip5k1pip5k3, pip5k2pip5k3, and pip5k1pip5k2pip5k3. Arrows in (E, H) indicate cotyledons accumulating anthocyanin. (R) Primary root lengths (mean ± standard deviation; n = 10) at 10 d after germination are shown for the seedlings presented in (I–P). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (P < 0.05, ANOVA and Tukey’s test). Bars, 1 mm (A–P); 1 cm (Q).