Figure 4
Adjusted mortality rate ratios and 95% credible intervals for outcomes of overdoses associated with 0–3 years of implementation of pain management clinic (PMC) laws (vs. no PMC laws) (n = 3,109 counties), United States, 2010–2018 A–D) All opioid overdoses; E–H) natural and semisynthetic overdoses; I–L) synthetic overdoses; M–P) heroin overdoses. PMC laws: any, open square (first column); payment restriction, filled square (second column); inspections authorized, open diamond (third column); criminal penalties, filled diamond (fourth column). Bayesian spatiotemporal models included county and county-year random effects and state fixed effects, and controlled for other opioid laws, harm reduction laws, medical marijuana laws, and county demographics.

Adjusted mortality rate ratios and 95% credible intervals for outcomes of overdoses associated with 0–3 years of implementation of pain management clinic (PMC) laws (vs. no PMC laws) (n = 3,109 counties), United States, 2010–2018 A–D) All opioid overdoses; E–H) natural and semisynthetic overdoses; I–L) synthetic overdoses; M–P) heroin overdoses. PMC laws: any, open square (first column); payment restriction, filled square (second column); inspections authorized, open diamond (third column); criminal penalties, filled diamond (fourth column). Bayesian spatiotemporal models included county and county-year random effects and state fixed effects, and controlled for other opioid laws, harm reduction laws, medical marijuana laws, and county demographics.

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