Present development pipeline for AF antiarrhythmic agents in the pharmaceutical industry. The agent being developed is shown at the left, followed by the originating entity, a description of the product and the present developmental stage. CaMKII, calcium/calmodulin dependent protein-kinase type II; I_K,ACh, acetylcholine-gated potassium channel; Na⁺ channel, sodium channel; NOX4, NADPH oxidase type 4; RyR2, ryanodine receptor type 2; SK channel, small-conductance calcium-dependent potassium channel; UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles.