Confirmation of biological activity of administered glucagon. A, Glucagon levels were significantly higher during glucagon administration compared to during vehicle administration (vehicle vs glucagon from T = 0 min to T = 480 min, ****P < .001 using generalized estimating equation [GEE]). B, Insulin area under the curve (AUC) was significantly higher during glucagon administration compared to vehicle administration (****P < .001 using a Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test). C, Glucose AUC was significantly higher during glucagon administration compared to vehicle administration (***P < .001 using a paired t test). D, There was no significant difference in self-reported (change from baseline) nausea during glucagon administration compared with vehicle administration (vehicle vs glucagon from T = –15 min to T = 470 min, P = .32 using GEE). Abbreviation: VAS, visual analog scale (0-10 cm).