Combined multivariable-adjusted risk of developing dementia according to the presence or absence of social and emotional loneliness. ref. = reference. The values indicate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals). The risk estimates were adjusted for age, sex, educational level, employment status, current smoking, current drinking, regular exercise, daily life activity, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, electrocardiogram abnormalities, past history of cardiovascular disease, past history of cancer, past history of other chronic diseases, marital status, living alone, monthly frequency of communication with friends or relatives, and depression. *p-value < .05 vs ref.