The delicate balance of autoimmunity and neoplasia in neuroimmunology. The efficient induction and sustainment of immune responses are prerequisites to control malignant transformation (high level of immune activation, red circle), whereas autoimmune disorders require successful anti-inflammatory therapy (dampening immune activation, green circle). Only when the immune system itself is malignantly transformed therapeutic strategies point in the same direction targeting neoplasia and autoimmunity (blue circle).