Application of the MMDT procedure for testing thalamic intensity profiles. (A) Visualization of four example subjects and their T1 and FLAIR volumes, with thalami highlighted in red. (B) Scatterplots and kernel density estimates for the subjects’ bivariate voxel intensity densities. (C) Results of the MMDT for detecting density differences between MS and non-MS (nMS) subjects. Top row shows the test-statistic map across the bivariate density, bottom row shows significant regions following Benjamini–Hochberg correction. (D) Example of MMDT test statistics being mapped back to subjects’ brain spaces for exploratory visualization.