Markam measured section in the Lawula Formation. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar sample locations and dates constrain the ages of the MK1 and MK3 leaf assemblages, for which indicative selected leaf fossils are shown to scale, together with predicted palaeoelevations. A distinct reduction in leaf size is evident between MK3 and MK1, which is situated at the onset of the Eocene–Oligocene transition (E–O). Adjusted elevations are where moist enthalpy at sea level obtained from Indian fossil floras have been transposed to the palaeoposition of the Markam Basin. The most abundant taxa in terms of specimens recovered are marked with an asterisk (*).