Biodegradation behaviors of MgA rods. (A) Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images to show the surfaces on MgA rods after in vivo implantation into mice for different periods of time. (B) The time-dependent mass loss of MgA rods after in vivo implantation into mice. (C) The Mg levels in major organs of mice after being implanted with MgA rods for different numbers of days. The Mg contents were measured by ICP-OES. No notable increase of Mg²⁺ levels was found in organs of implanted mice compared to the blank control. (D, E) The mass loss of MgA rods of two different dimensions (D: 0.7 mm × 4 mm; E: 1.0 mm × 4 mm) after being immersed in different solutions for different periods of time. (F) The XRD patterns of MgA after being immersed in PBS for 90 days.