Top, Image-based phenotype differentiation. Normalized mean trait values of traits derived from crown root images. The intergenotype variation for the crown roots of the nine examined maize genotypes is shown. The points represent average normalized values. The connection between points allows the reader to visually identify the three genotypes shown in Figure 4. The error bars indicate the sem. Note that relative traits only differentiate at certain depth levels. Bottom, The number of traits that distinguish a pair of genotypes in the maize study. For each combination, at least eight distinguishing traits were found. DD90max, Maximum diameter at 90% to 100% depth; TD, tip diameter.