Contribution of the JA pathway to the phenotype of Pi deficiency. A to E, Wild-type and mutant plants grown in fertilized soil for 4 weeks were compared for overall appearance (A), shoot fresh weight (B), shoot anthocyanin content (C), and the expression of the IPS1 (D) and MGD3 (E) genes in shoots. In A, the pots containing Col-0 and pho1-7 plants at left are the same as those shown at right. F and G, JA (F) and Ja-Ile (G) contents in rosette leaves from plants grown for 4 weeks in soil. H, The response of the primary root to low Pi was assessed by growing plants on agar-solidified medium containing 1 mm  Pi for 7 d before transferring them to similar medium containing either 1 mm (gray bars) or 10 µm (black bars) Pi for 3 d. Growth of the primary root in the last 3 d was measured. I, Anthocyanin levels in shoots of plants grown for 7 d in agar-solidified medium containing 1 mm  Pi followed by transfer to medium containing either 1 mm (gray bars) or 10 µm (black bars) Pi for 5 d. J, Fresh weight of the rosettes of Col-0, aos, and coi1-34 plants grown for 18 d in agar-solidified medium containing 1 mm, 100 µm, or 20 µm  Pi. For B, data are means ± sd of 20 plants grown in individual pots. For C, data are means ± sd of five plants grown in independent pots. For D and E, data are means ± sd of three samples from plants grown in independent pots and three technical replicates for each sample, with each sample being a pool of three plants. For F and G, data are means ± sd of five samples from plants grown in independent pots, with each sample being an individual plant for Col-0, coi1-1, and aos and a pool of three plants for pho1-7, pho1-7 coi1-1, and pho1-7 aos. For H, data are means ± sd of 30 individual roots from three independent plates. For I and J, data are means ± sd of 20 to 30 plants grown in five independent plates. For B to G, values marked with lowercase letters were statistically significantly different from those for other groups marked with different letters (P < 0.05, ANOVA with the Tukey-Kramer honestly significant difference [HSD] test). n.d., Not detectable. For H to J, statistical analysis was done comparing Col-0 with the coi1-34 and aos mutants within each treatment, and asterisks denote statistical significance (*, P < 0.05 and **, P < 0.01) according to Student’s t test. Experiments were performed independently one time (F, G, and J), two times (B, H, and I), or three times (C–E) with similar results. FW, Fresh weight.