Biotransformation by the co-expressed whole-cell system. The reaction mixture (2 ml) was comprised of 0.10 g of E. coli cells (wet weight), 20 mM of PMS, 317 μM of NADP⁺ and 50 mM of sodium formate in phosphate buffer (pH 7.5). a Time courses for oxidation of thioanisole with E. coli BL21 (DE3) transformants harboring pAMF (filled square) or pMM4 (filled circle). b The NADPH concentration during the oxidation process in E. coli BL21 (DE3) transformants harboring pAMF (filled square) or pMM4 (filled circle). Three repeats for each point. Error bar mean ± SD