Time and memory consumption of all tools. (A) Time consumption and (B) peak memory usage of all classifiers, taking their logs base 10, with increasing test cell numbers. Nine PBMC cell types included, except CD14⁺ monocytes (due to its not enough cell number). Fifty, 500 and 5000 represented test cells per PBMC cell type were contained in the test data set. The ‘rest’ represented the total rest of cells apart from reference cells per PBMC cell type, about a total of 90,000 cells.