Identification of putatively novel tooth genes: Using RNA-seq data, we identified genes putatively involved in cichlid tooth formation. We compared the average log-fold change expression between toothed tissues and the nontoothed gill arch (A). Genes that are highly expressed in LPJ and LOJ and whose expression is investigated further are highlighted with gene-specific color in both comparisons. The genes odam and scpp5 (underlined) are genes known to be involved in tooth formation, whereas rpfA and a previously undescribed gene unk are not known to be involved in tooth development. Expression levels for the four genes (B) highlight their enhanced expression in the toothed arches (LPJ, dark gray; GA, gray; LOJ, white). (C) The localization of expression to developing teeth in LOJ and LPJ cryo-sections is shown via fluorescent in situ hybridization for the four genes clustered in the genome. Colors of fluorescent signal are pseudocolors and were digitally replaced using ImageJ (Schindelin et al. 2012).