Conceptual model illustrating dynamics of avian territories and movement during recovery of secondary forest following deforestation and fragmentation (Powell et al. 2016). Circles and ellipses represent resident bird territories for a hypothetical species ubiquitous in primary forest, diagonally hatched fill represents primary forest, and increasingly dark solid shading (white to dark gray) represents increasingly old secondary forest. Thick black lines representing the edges of primary forest are dashed relative to permeability of the edge. As continuous forest (A) is initially cut (B), birds are entirely excluded from the recently cut area. At this point, home range boundaries are aligned along the interface and birds are excluded from fragments too small to sustain their home ranges. During early regrowth (C), increased vertical structuring of the young secondary forest permits some movement (e.g., dispersal) across secondary forest, and some individuals may occasionally occur in small fragments. As secondary forest matures and begins to recover resources (D), birds begin to expand their territories into secondary forest and small fragments, showing increased rates of movement across the interface. At the point of recovery (E), bird territory boundaries and cross-interface movements are indistinguishable from those in primary forest, regardless of fragment size. In the close-up of (D), a higher proportion of the animal’s core area (gray ellipse) is within primary forest, whereas the overall home range (black ellipse) contains a higher proportion of secondary forest. Here individual bird movements (thin arrows) show that birds in primary forest move in short, curvy (i.e. high tortuosity) paths; conversely, movements in secondary forest are straighter (i.e. low tortuosity) and longer, so movement rate is relatively high.