Etiology of early vs late prosthetic valve infectious endocarditis. Bars indicate the frequency of each etiology in the whole study period. Dark gray: early; light gray: late. Significative differences are indicated in the figure. Abbreviations: CoNS, coagulase-negative staphylococci; HACEK group bacteria, Haemophilus species, Aggregatibacter species, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, and Kingella species; VGS, viridans group streptococci .