Figure 3.
Comparison of male Red-winged Blackbirds with control and reddened epaulets before and after epaulet manipulation for (a) territorial challenge and loss of territory, (b) trespass rate, and (c) territory size. *P < 0.05, **P = 0.01.
Comparison of male Red-winged Blackbirds with control and reddened epaulets before and after epaulet manipulation for (a) territorial challenge and loss of territory, (b) trespass rate, and (c) territory size. *P < 0.05, **P = 0.01.
