Examples of typical diagnostic changes introduced by CMR. Cine images at end diastole (left column), end systole (middle column), and LGE images (right column) are provided. (A) Image of a 44-year-old man with monomorphic sustained VT of RBBB morphology. TTE, coronary angiography, and cine MRI were negative. LGE showed multifocal substrate on LV and RV free walls and within the septum (arrows), categorized as NICM. The diagnosis of cardiac sarcoid was retained after transbronchial biopsy. (B) Image of a 34-year-old man with NSVT of unkown morphology, negative TTE, and non-specific T wave changes on ECG. Cine and LGE MR showed apical hypertrophy with midwall fibrosis (arrows), consistent with an apical form of HCM. (C) Image of a 58-year-old women with sustained VT of RBBB morphology. TTE, coronary angiography and cine MR were negative. LGE showed subendocardial scar on mid anterior LV, consistent with ICM. The patient had a history of severe asthma, and CMR results were instrumental in fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. (D) Image of a 41-year-old man with pre-CMR borderline ARVC diagnosis based on polymorphic sustained VT at exercise tesing, late potentials on SAECG, and inverted T waves in ECG leads V1–V2. Cine MR results fulfilled the criteria for definite ARVC by showing RV dilatation, EF impairment, and RVOT dyskinesia. LGE showed diffuse fibrosis on RV free wall, and focal midwall fibrosis on LV free wall (arrows). (E) Image of a 35-year-old man with frequent PVCs and NSVT on Holter. Coronary CT angiography showed normal arteries. TTE showed mild biventricular dilatation suggesting arrhythmia-induced cardiomyopathy. Cine and LGE MR showed mild biventricular dilatation and midwall fibrosis within the interventricular septum (arrows), categorized as NICM. CMR findings were instrumental in the decision to perform and obtain a positive genetic testing for laminopathy. SAECG, signal-averaged electrocardiogram; RVOT, right ventricular outflow tract; PVC: premature ventricular contraction.
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