CD4⁺ T cell–associated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) DNA and RNA levels prior to and following completion of chemotherapy for hematologic malignancies and Kaposi sarcoma. Significant increases in both HIV DNA (A) and HIV RNA (C) in paired analyses were observed following completion of chemotherapy (postchemotherapy time points) compared with prechemotherapy or the first sampling time point while receiving cancer treatment (n = 10). Statistical significance was lost if only prechemotherapy time points are compared with those after completion of therapy for both DNA (B) and RNA (D), but paired sample size was smaller (n = 7), and up to a 1 log increase in DNA levels was still observed. Bars represent mean values and standard error. Paired, nonparametric Wilcoxon tests were used.