Effects of moderate or high rates of four combinations of gene flow, including pollen-mediated gene flow (pmgf) and seed-mediated gene flow (smgf) on resistance evolution for landscapes with 20% non-Bt cotton refuges
Gene flow brought the years to resistance evolution below 20 and accelerated resistance evolution by more than 5 yr.
Resistance evolution was accelerated, but this effect was small or the time to resistance evolution remained >20 yr.
Effect on resistance was negligible or nonexistent.
Resistance evolution was slowed by gene flow.
Effects of moderate or high rates of four combinations of gene flow, including pollen-mediated gene flow (pmgf) and seed-mediated gene flow (smgf) on resistance evolution for landscapes with 20% non-Bt cotton refuges
Gene flow brought the years to resistance evolution below 20 and accelerated resistance evolution by more than 5 yr.
Resistance evolution was accelerated, but this effect was small or the time to resistance evolution remained >20 yr.
Effect on resistance was negligible or nonexistent.
Resistance evolution was slowed by gene flow.
