Table 1. Open in new tab Subject...

Characteristic	Subjects n = 431 178	Change of aDCSI Score per Year
Age, y
50–59	49 321 (11.4)	42 016 (12.8)	5224 (9.0)	1232 (5.4)	849 (1.7)
60–69	191 800 (44.5)	155 222 (47.4)	23 817 (40.8)	7473 (32.6)	5288 (23.9)
70–79	141 973 (32.9)	102 192 (31.2)	21 867 (37.5)	9316 (40.7)	8598 (38.9)
≥80	48 084 (11.2)	28 366 (8.7)	7467 (12.8)	4899 (21.4)	7352 (33.3)
Mean (SD)	69.0 (8.1)	68.2 (7.7)	70.0 (8.0)	72.5 (8.3)	75.2 (8.9)
Sex
Female	217 927 (50.5)	170 959 (52.2)	26 912 (46.1)	9989 (43.6)	10 067 (45.6)
Urbanization
Low	47 308 (11.0)	34 541 (10.5)	6954 (11.9)	2866 (12.5)	2947 (13.3)
Moderate	86 199 (20.0)	63 678 (19.4)	12 387 (21.2)	5029 (21.9)	5105 (23.1)
High	185 995 (43.1)	142 472 (43.5)	24 857 (42.6)	9654 (42.1)	9012 (40.8)
Very high	111 676 (25.9)	87 105 (26.6)	14 177 (24.3)	5371 (23.4)	5023 (22.7)
Income (NTD)
0	94 954 (22.0)	69 200 (21.1)	13 538 (23.2)	5852 (25.5)	6364 (28.8)
1–15 840	62 175 (14.4)	44 614 (13.6)	9568 (16.4)	4014 (17.5)	3979 (18.0)
15 841–25 000	212 172 (49.2)	162 258 (49.5)	28 640 (49.1)	10 951 (47.8)	10 323 (46.7)
>25 000	61 877 (14.4)	51 724 (15.8)	6629 (11.4)	2103 (9.2)	1421 (6.4)
Medical diseases
Hypertension	346 805 (80.4)	261 050 (79.6)	51 154 (87.6)	19 005 (82.9)	15 596 (70.6)
Coronary heart disease	240 592 (55.8)	176 550 (53.9)	39 266 (67.3)	14 044 (61.3)	10 732 (48.6)
Hypercholesterolemia	250 358 (58.1)	200 636 (61.2)	33 828 (58.0)	10 208 (44.5)	5686 (25.7)
Heart failure	90 026 (20.9)	52 495 (16.0)	20 447 (35.0)	9057 (39.5)	8027 (36.3)
Chronic kidney disease	41 883 (9.7)	20 352 (6.2)	12 126 (20.8)	5271 (23.0)	4134 (18.7)
Depressive disorder	53 992 (12.5)	40 591 (12.4)	8583 (14.7)	2840 (12.4)	1978 (9.0)
COPD	128 043 (29.7)	91 125 (27.8)	21 155 (36.2)	8423 (36.8)	7340 (33.2)
Stroke	183 178 (42.5)	119 223 (36.4)	37 079 (63.5)	14 482 (63.2)	12 394 (56.1)
Diabetes complication
Retinopathy	42 347 (9.8)	24 726 (7.5)	12 292 (21.1)	3771 (16.5)	1558 (7.1)
Nephropathy	113 286 (26.3)	62 819 (19.2)	29 419 (50.4)	11 651 (50.8)	9397 (42.6)
Neuropathy	101 829 (23.6)	67 603 (20.6)	23 072 (39.5)	7331 (32.0)	3823 (17.3)
Cerebrovascular	122 963 (28.5)	66 231 (20.2)	31 929 (54.7)	13 043 (56.9)	11 760 (53.2)
Cardiovascular	226 634 (52.6)	152 443 (46.5)	42 924 (73.5)	16 662 (72.7)	14 605 (66.1)
Peripheral vascular disease	55 124 (12.8)	27 698 (8.5)	16 680 (28.6)	6451 (28.2)	4295 (19.5)
Metabolic	19 194 (4.5)	4591 (1.4)	7116 (12.2)	3667 (16.0)	3820 (17.3)
Mean aDCSI score (SD)
Onset	0.8 (1.2)	0.7 (1.2)	0.7 (1.1)	0.8 (1.2)	0.8 (1.3)
End of follow-up	2.4 (2.0)	1.8 (1.6)	4.5 (1.9)	4.6 (2.2)	3.8 (1.9)
Mean aDCSI complication counts (SD)
Onset	0.5 (0.8)	0.5 (0.8)	0.5 (0.7)	0.5 (0.8)	0.6 (0.8)
End of follow-up	1.6 (1.2)	1.2 (1.0)	2.8 (1.2)	2.7 (1.3)	2.2 (1.1)
Drugs^a
Insulin	41 253 (9.6)	21 806 (6.7)	11 185 (19.2)	4758 (20.8)	3504 (15.9)
Metformin	237 006 (55.0)	191 208 (58.3)	33 857 (58.0)	9172 (40.0)	2769 (12.5)
Sulfonylurea	247 217 (57.3)	194 722 (59.4)	37 507 (64.3)	11 034 (48.1)	3954 (17.9)
Thiazolidinedione	44 238 (10.3)	36 003 (11.0)	6857 (11.8)	1172 (5.1)	206 (0.9)
Other antidiabetic drug	74 603 (17.3)	56 217 (17.2)	14 097 (24.2)	3418 (14.9)	871 (3.9)
Mean follow-up, y (SD)	5.6 (3.5)	6.2 (3.4)	5.7 (2.9)	2.9 (1.9)	0.7 (0.8)
Drug adherence (SD)^b	0.37 (0.27)	0.37 (0.27)	0.38 (0.27)	0.35 (0.29)	0.23 (0.29)

Characteristic

Subjects n = 431 178

Change of aDCSI Score per Year

0–0.5 n = 327 796

0.5–1 n = 58 375

1–2 n = 22 920

>2 n = 22 087

Age, y

50–59

49 321 (11.4)

42 016 (12.8)

5224 (9.0)

1232 (5.4)

849 (1.7)

60–69

191 800 (44.5)

155 222 (47.4)

23 817 (40.8)

7473 (32.6)

5288 (23.9)

70–79

141 973 (32.9)

102 192 (31.2)

21 867 (37.5)

9316 (40.7)

8598 (38.9)

≥80

48 084 (11.2)

28 366 (8.7)

7467 (12.8)

4899 (21.4)

7352 (33.3)

Mean (SD)

69.0 (8.1)

68.2 (7.7)

70.0 (8.0)

72.5 (8.3)

75.2 (8.9)

Sex

Female

217 927 (50.5)

170 959 (52.2)

26 912 (46.1)

9989 (43.6)

10 067 (45.6)

Urbanization

Low

47 308 (11.0)

34 541 (10.5)

6954 (11.9)

2866 (12.5)

2947 (13.3)

Moderate

86 199 (20.0)

63 678 (19.4)

12 387 (21.2)

5029 (21.9)

5105 (23.1)

High

185 995 (43.1)

142 472 (43.5)

24 857 (42.6)

9654 (42.1)

9012 (40.8)

Very high

111 676 (25.9)

87 105 (26.6)

14 177 (24.3)

5371 (23.4)

5023 (22.7)

Income (NTD)

94 954 (22.0)

69 200 (21.1)

13 538 (23.2)

5852 (25.5)

6364 (28.8)

1–15 840

62 175 (14.4)

44 614 (13.6)

9568 (16.4)

4014 (17.5)

3979 (18.0)

15 841–25 000

212 172 (49.2)

162 258 (49.5)

28 640 (49.1)

10 951 (47.8)

10 323 (46.7)

>25 000

61 877 (14.4)

51 724 (15.8)

6629 (11.4)

2103 (9.2)

1421 (6.4)

Medical diseases

Hypertension

346 805 (80.4)

261 050 (79.6)

51 154 (87.6)

19 005 (82.9)

15 596 (70.6)

Coronary heart disease

240 592 (55.8)

176 550 (53.9)

39 266 (67.3)

14 044 (61.3)

10 732 (48.6)

Hypercholesterolemia

250 358 (58.1)

200 636 (61.2)

33 828 (58.0)

10 208 (44.5)

5686 (25.7)

Heart failure

90 026 (20.9)

52 495 (16.0)

20 447 (35.0)

9057 (39.5)

8027 (36.3)

Chronic kidney disease

41 883 (9.7)

20 352 (6.2)

12 126 (20.8)

5271 (23.0)

4134 (18.7)

Depressive disorder

53 992 (12.5)

40 591 (12.4)

8583 (14.7)

2840 (12.4)

1978 (9.0)

COPD

128 043 (29.7)

91 125 (27.8)

21 155 (36.2)

8423 (36.8)

7340 (33.2)

Stroke

183 178 (42.5)

119 223 (36.4)

37 079 (63.5)

14 482 (63.2)

12 394 (56.1)

Diabetes complication

Retinopathy

42 347 (9.8)

24 726 (7.5)

12 292 (21.1)

3771 (16.5)

1558 (7.1)

Nephropathy

113 286 (26.3)

62 819 (19.2)

29 419 (50.4)

11 651 (50.8)

9397 (42.6)

Neuropathy

101 829 (23.6)

67 603 (20.6)

23 072 (39.5)

7331 (32.0)

3823 (17.3)

Cerebrovascular

122 963 (28.5)

66 231 (20.2)

31 929 (54.7)

13 043 (56.9)

11 760 (53.2)

Cardiovascular

226 634 (52.6)

152 443 (46.5)

42 924 (73.5)

16 662 (72.7)

14 605 (66.1)

Peripheral vascular disease

55 124 (12.8)

27 698 (8.5)

16 680 (28.6)

6451 (28.2)

4295 (19.5)

Metabolic

19 194 (4.5)

4591 (1.4)

7116 (12.2)

3667 (16.0)

3820 (17.3)

Mean aDCSI score (SD)

Onset

0.8 (1.2)

0.7 (1.2)

0.7 (1.1)

0.8 (1.2)

0.8 (1.3)

End of follow-up

2.4 (2.0)

1.8 (1.6)

4.5 (1.9)

4.6 (2.2)

3.8 (1.9)

Mean aDCSI complication counts (SD)

Onset

0.5 (0.8)

0.5 (0.7)

0.5 (0.8)

0.6 (0.8)

End of follow-up

1.6 (1.2)

1.2 (1.0)

2.8 (1.2)

2.7 (1.3)

2.2 (1.1)

Drugs^a

Insulin

41 253 (9.6)

21 806 (6.7)

11 185 (19.2)

4758 (20.8)

3504 (15.9)

Metformin

237 006 (55.0)

191 208 (58.3)

33 857 (58.0)

9172 (40.0)

2769 (12.5)

Sulfonylurea

247 217 (57.3)

194 722 (59.4)

37 507 (64.3)

11 034 (48.1)

3954 (17.9)

Thiazolidinedione

44 238 (10.3)

36 003 (11.0)

6857 (11.8)

1172 (5.1)

206 (0.9)

Other antidiabetic drug

74 603 (17.3)

56 217 (17.2)

14 097 (24.2)

3418 (14.9)

871 (3.9)

Mean follow-up, y (SD)

5.6 (3.5)

6.2 (3.4)

5.7 (2.9)

2.9 (1.9)

0.7 (0.8)

Drug adherence (SD)^b

0.37 (0.27)

0.38 (0.27)

0.35 (0.29)

0.23 (0.29)

Characteristic	Subjects n = 431 178	Change of aDCSI Score per Year
Age, y
50–59	49 321 (11.4)	42 016 (12.8)	5224 (9.0)	1232 (5.4)	849 (1.7)
60–69	191 800 (44.5)	155 222 (47.4)	23 817 (40.8)	7473 (32.6)	5288 (23.9)
70–79	141 973 (32.9)	102 192 (31.2)	21 867 (37.5)	9316 (40.7)	8598 (38.9)
≥80	48 084 (11.2)	28 366 (8.7)	7467 (12.8)	4899 (21.4)	7352 (33.3)
Mean (SD)	69.0 (8.1)	68.2 (7.7)	70.0 (8.0)	72.5 (8.3)	75.2 (8.9)
Sex
Female	217 927 (50.5)	170 959 (52.2)	26 912 (46.1)	9989 (43.6)	10 067 (45.6)
Urbanization
Low	47 308 (11.0)	34 541 (10.5)	6954 (11.9)	2866 (12.5)	2947 (13.3)
Moderate	86 199 (20.0)	63 678 (19.4)	12 387 (21.2)	5029 (21.9)	5105 (23.1)
High	185 995 (43.1)	142 472 (43.5)	24 857 (42.6)	9654 (42.1)	9012 (40.8)
Very high	111 676 (25.9)	87 105 (26.6)	14 177 (24.3)	5371 (23.4)	5023 (22.7)
Income (NTD)
0	94 954 (22.0)	69 200 (21.1)	13 538 (23.2)	5852 (25.5)	6364 (28.8)
1–15 840	62 175 (14.4)	44 614 (13.6)	9568 (16.4)	4014 (17.5)	3979 (18.0)
15 841–25 000	212 172 (49.2)	162 258 (49.5)	28 640 (49.1)	10 951 (47.8)	10 323 (46.7)
>25 000	61 877 (14.4)	51 724 (15.8)	6629 (11.4)	2103 (9.2)	1421 (6.4)
Medical diseases
Hypertension	346 805 (80.4)	261 050 (79.6)	51 154 (87.6)	19 005 (82.9)	15 596 (70.6)
Coronary heart disease	240 592 (55.8)	176 550 (53.9)	39 266 (67.3)	14 044 (61.3)	10 732 (48.6)
Hypercholesterolemia	250 358 (58.1)	200 636 (61.2)	33 828 (58.0)	10 208 (44.5)	5686 (25.7)
Heart failure	90 026 (20.9)	52 495 (16.0)	20 447 (35.0)	9057 (39.5)	8027 (36.3)
Chronic kidney disease	41 883 (9.7)	20 352 (6.2)	12 126 (20.8)	5271 (23.0)	4134 (18.7)
Depressive disorder	53 992 (12.5)	40 591 (12.4)	8583 (14.7)	2840 (12.4)	1978 (9.0)
COPD	128 043 (29.7)	91 125 (27.8)	21 155 (36.2)	8423 (36.8)	7340 (33.2)
Stroke	183 178 (42.5)	119 223 (36.4)	37 079 (63.5)	14 482 (63.2)	12 394 (56.1)
Diabetes complication
Retinopathy	42 347 (9.8)	24 726 (7.5)	12 292 (21.1)	3771 (16.5)	1558 (7.1)
Nephropathy	113 286 (26.3)	62 819 (19.2)	29 419 (50.4)	11 651 (50.8)	9397 (42.6)
Neuropathy	101 829 (23.6)	67 603 (20.6)	23 072 (39.5)	7331 (32.0)	3823 (17.3)
Cerebrovascular	122 963 (28.5)	66 231 (20.2)	31 929 (54.7)	13 043 (56.9)	11 760 (53.2)
Cardiovascular	226 634 (52.6)	152 443 (46.5)	42 924 (73.5)	16 662 (72.7)	14 605 (66.1)
Peripheral vascular disease	55 124 (12.8)	27 698 (8.5)	16 680 (28.6)	6451 (28.2)	4295 (19.5)
Metabolic	19 194 (4.5)	4591 (1.4)	7116 (12.2)	3667 (16.0)	3820 (17.3)
Mean aDCSI score (SD)
Onset	0.8 (1.2)	0.7 (1.2)	0.7 (1.1)	0.8 (1.2)	0.8 (1.3)
End of follow-up	2.4 (2.0)	1.8 (1.6)	4.5 (1.9)	4.6 (2.2)	3.8 (1.9)
Mean aDCSI complication counts (SD)
Onset	0.5 (0.8)	0.5 (0.8)	0.5 (0.7)	0.5 (0.8)	0.6 (0.8)
End of follow-up	1.6 (1.2)	1.2 (1.0)	2.8 (1.2)	2.7 (1.3)	2.2 (1.1)
Drugs^a
Insulin	41 253 (9.6)	21 806 (6.7)	11 185 (19.2)	4758 (20.8)	3504 (15.9)
Metformin	237 006 (55.0)	191 208 (58.3)	33 857 (58.0)	9172 (40.0)	2769 (12.5)
Sulfonylurea	247 217 (57.3)	194 722 (59.4)	37 507 (64.3)	11 034 (48.1)	3954 (17.9)
Thiazolidinedione	44 238 (10.3)	36 003 (11.0)	6857 (11.8)	1172 (5.1)	206 (0.9)
Other antidiabetic drug	74 603 (17.3)	56 217 (17.2)	14 097 (24.2)	3418 (14.9)	871 (3.9)
Mean follow-up, y (SD)	5.6 (3.5)	6.2 (3.4)	5.7 (2.9)	2.9 (1.9)	0.7 (0.8)
Drug adherence (SD)^b	0.37 (0.27)	0.37 (0.27)	0.38 (0.27)	0.35 (0.29)	0.23 (0.29)

Characteristic

Subjects n = 431 178

Change of aDCSI Score per Year

0–0.5 n = 327 796

0.5–1 n = 58 375

1–2 n = 22 920

>2 n = 22 087

Age, y

50–59

49 321 (11.4)

42 016 (12.8)

5224 (9.0)

1232 (5.4)

849 (1.7)

60–69

191 800 (44.5)

155 222 (47.4)

23 817 (40.8)

7473 (32.6)

5288 (23.9)

70–79

141 973 (32.9)

102 192 (31.2)

21 867 (37.5)

9316 (40.7)

8598 (38.9)

≥80

48 084 (11.2)

28 366 (8.7)

7467 (12.8)

4899 (21.4)

7352 (33.3)

Mean (SD)

69.0 (8.1)

68.2 (7.7)

70.0 (8.0)

72.5 (8.3)

75.2 (8.9)

Sex

Female

217 927 (50.5)

170 959 (52.2)

26 912 (46.1)

9989 (43.6)

10 067 (45.6)

Urbanization

Low

47 308 (11.0)

34 541 (10.5)

6954 (11.9)

2866 (12.5)

2947 (13.3)

Moderate

86 199 (20.0)

63 678 (19.4)

12 387 (21.2)

5029 (21.9)

5105 (23.1)

High

185 995 (43.1)

142 472 (43.5)

24 857 (42.6)

9654 (42.1)

9012 (40.8)

Very high

111 676 (25.9)

87 105 (26.6)

14 177 (24.3)

5371 (23.4)

5023 (22.7)

Income (NTD)

94 954 (22.0)

69 200 (21.1)

13 538 (23.2)

5852 (25.5)

6364 (28.8)

1–15 840

62 175 (14.4)

44 614 (13.6)

9568 (16.4)

4014 (17.5)

3979 (18.0)

15 841–25 000

212 172 (49.2)

162 258 (49.5)

28 640 (49.1)

10 951 (47.8)

10 323 (46.7)

>25 000

61 877 (14.4)

51 724 (15.8)

6629 (11.4)

2103 (9.2)

1421 (6.4)

Medical diseases

Hypertension

346 805 (80.4)

261 050 (79.6)

51 154 (87.6)

19 005 (82.9)

15 596 (70.6)

Coronary heart disease

240 592 (55.8)

176 550 (53.9)

39 266 (67.3)

14 044 (61.3)

10 732 (48.6)

Hypercholesterolemia

250 358 (58.1)

200 636 (61.2)

33 828 (58.0)

10 208 (44.5)

5686 (25.7)

Heart failure

90 026 (20.9)

52 495 (16.0)

20 447 (35.0)

9057 (39.5)

8027 (36.3)

Chronic kidney disease

41 883 (9.7)

20 352 (6.2)

12 126 (20.8)

5271 (23.0)

4134 (18.7)

Depressive disorder

53 992 (12.5)

40 591 (12.4)

8583 (14.7)

2840 (12.4)

1978 (9.0)

COPD

128 043 (29.7)

91 125 (27.8)

21 155 (36.2)

8423 (36.8)

7340 (33.2)

Stroke

183 178 (42.5)

119 223 (36.4)

37 079 (63.5)

14 482 (63.2)

12 394 (56.1)

Diabetes complication

Retinopathy

42 347 (9.8)

24 726 (7.5)

12 292 (21.1)

3771 (16.5)

1558 (7.1)

Nephropathy

113 286 (26.3)

62 819 (19.2)

29 419 (50.4)

11 651 (50.8)

9397 (42.6)

Neuropathy

101 829 (23.6)

67 603 (20.6)

23 072 (39.5)

7331 (32.0)

3823 (17.3)

Cerebrovascular

122 963 (28.5)

66 231 (20.2)

31 929 (54.7)

13 043 (56.9)

11 760 (53.2)

Cardiovascular

226 634 (52.6)

152 443 (46.5)

42 924 (73.5)

16 662 (72.7)

14 605 (66.1)

Peripheral vascular disease

55 124 (12.8)

27 698 (8.5)

16 680 (28.6)

6451 (28.2)

4295 (19.5)

Metabolic

19 194 (4.5)

4591 (1.4)

7116 (12.2)

3667 (16.0)

3820 (17.3)

Mean aDCSI score (SD)

Onset

0.8 (1.2)

0.7 (1.2)

0.7 (1.1)

0.8 (1.2)

0.8 (1.3)

End of follow-up

2.4 (2.0)

1.8 (1.6)

4.5 (1.9)

4.6 (2.2)

3.8 (1.9)

Mean aDCSI complication counts (SD)

Onset

0.5 (0.8)

0.5 (0.7)

0.5 (0.8)

0.6 (0.8)

End of follow-up

1.6 (1.2)

1.2 (1.0)

2.8 (1.2)

2.7 (1.3)

2.2 (1.1)

Drugs^a

Insulin

41 253 (9.6)

21 806 (6.7)

11 185 (19.2)

4758 (20.8)

3504 (15.9)

Metformin

237 006 (55.0)

191 208 (58.3)

33 857 (58.0)

9172 (40.0)

2769 (12.5)

Sulfonylurea

247 217 (57.3)

194 722 (59.4)

37 507 (64.3)

11 034 (48.1)

3954 (17.9)

Thiazolidinedione

44 238 (10.3)

36 003 (11.0)

6857 (11.8)

1172 (5.1)

206 (0.9)

Other antidiabetic drug

74 603 (17.3)

56 217 (17.2)

14 097 (24.2)

3418 (14.9)

871 (3.9)

Mean follow-up, y (SD)

5.6 (3.5)

6.2 (3.4)

5.7 (2.9)

2.9 (1.9)

0.7 (0.8)

Drug adherence (SD)^b

0.37 (0.27)

0.38 (0.27)

0.35 (0.29)

0.23 (0.29)

Table 1.

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Subject Characteristics

Characteristic	Subjects n = 431 178	Change of aDCSI Score per Year
Characteristic	Subjects n = 431 178	0–0.5 n = 327 796	0.5–1 n = 58 375	1–2 n = 22 920	>2 n = 22 087
Age, y
50–59	49 321 (11.4)	42 016 (12.8)	5224 (9.0)	1232 (5.4)	849 (1.7)
60–69	191 800 (44.5)	155 222 (47.4)	23 817 (40.8)	7473 (32.6)	5288 (23.9)
70–79	141 973 (32.9)	102 192 (31.2)	21 867 (37.5)	9316 (40.7)	8598 (38.9)
≥80	48 084 (11.2)	28 366 (8.7)	7467 (12.8)	4899 (21.4)	7352 (33.3)
Mean (SD)	69.0 (8.1)	68.2 (7.7)	70.0 (8.0)	72.5 (8.3)	75.2 (8.9)
Sex
Female	217 927 (50.5)	170 959 (52.2)	26 912 (46.1)	9989 (43.6)	10 067 (45.6)
Urbanization
Low	47 308 (11.0)	34 541 (10.5)	6954 (11.9)	2866 (12.5)	2947 (13.3)
Moderate	86 199 (20.0)	63 678 (19.4)	12 387 (21.2)	5029 (21.9)	5105 (23.1)
High	185 995 (43.1)	142 472 (43.5)	24 857 (42.6)	9654 (42.1)	9012 (40.8)
Very high	111 676 (25.9)	87 105 (26.6)	14 177 (24.3)	5371 (23.4)	5023 (22.7)
Income (NTD)
0	94 954 (22.0)	69 200 (21.1)	13 538 (23.2)	5852 (25.5)	6364 (28.8)
1–15 840	62 175 (14.4)	44 614 (13.6)	9568 (16.4)	4014 (17.5)	3979 (18.0)
15 841–25 000	212 172 (49.2)	162 258 (49.5)	28 640 (49.1)	10 951 (47.8)	10 323 (46.7)
>25 000	61 877 (14.4)	51 724 (15.8)	6629 (11.4)	2103 (9.2)	1421 (6.4)
Medical diseases
Hypertension	346 805 (80.4)	261 050 (79.6)	51 154 (87.6)	19 005 (82.9)	15 596 (70.6)
Coronary heart disease	240 592 (55.8)	176 550 (53.9)	39 266 (67.3)	14 044 (61.3)	10 732 (48.6)
Hypercholesterolemia	250 358 (58.1)	200 636 (61.2)	33 828 (58.0)	10 208 (44.5)	5686 (25.7)
Heart failure	90 026 (20.9)	52 495 (16.0)	20 447 (35.0)	9057 (39.5)	8027 (36.3)
Chronic kidney disease	41 883 (9.7)	20 352 (6.2)	12 126 (20.8)	5271 (23.0)	4134 (18.7)
Depressive disorder	53 992 (12.5)	40 591 (12.4)	8583 (14.7)	2840 (12.4)	1978 (9.0)
COPD	128 043 (29.7)	91 125 (27.8)	21 155 (36.2)	8423 (36.8)	7340 (33.2)
Stroke	183 178 (42.5)	119 223 (36.4)	37 079 (63.5)	14 482 (63.2)	12 394 (56.1)
Diabetes complication
Retinopathy	42 347 (9.8)	24 726 (7.5)	12 292 (21.1)	3771 (16.5)	1558 (7.1)
Nephropathy	113 286 (26.3)	62 819 (19.2)	29 419 (50.4)	11 651 (50.8)	9397 (42.6)
Neuropathy	101 829 (23.6)	67 603 (20.6)	23 072 (39.5)	7331 (32.0)	3823 (17.3)
Cerebrovascular	122 963 (28.5)	66 231 (20.2)	31 929 (54.7)	13 043 (56.9)	11 760 (53.2)
Cardiovascular	226 634 (52.6)	152 443 (46.5)	42 924 (73.5)	16 662 (72.7)	14 605 (66.1)
Peripheral vascular disease	55 124 (12.8)	27 698 (8.5)	16 680 (28.6)	6451 (28.2)	4295 (19.5)
Metabolic	19 194 (4.5)	4591 (1.4)	7116 (12.2)	3667 (16.0)	3820 (17.3)
Mean aDCSI score (SD)
Onset	0.8 (1.2)	0.7 (1.2)	0.7 (1.1)	0.8 (1.2)	0.8 (1.3)
End of follow-up	2.4 (2.0)	1.8 (1.6)	4.5 (1.9)	4.6 (2.2)	3.8 (1.9)
Mean aDCSI complication counts (SD)
Onset	0.5 (0.8)	0.5 (0.8)	0.5 (0.7)	0.5 (0.8)	0.6 (0.8)
End of follow-up	1.6 (1.2)	1.2 (1.0)	2.8 (1.2)	2.7 (1.3)	2.2 (1.1)
Drugs^a
Insulin	41 253 (9.6)	21 806 (6.7)	11 185 (19.2)	4758 (20.8)	3504 (15.9)
Metformin	237 006 (55.0)	191 208 (58.3)	33 857 (58.0)	9172 (40.0)	2769 (12.5)
Sulfonylurea	247 217 (57.3)	194 722 (59.4)	37 507 (64.3)	11 034 (48.1)	3954 (17.9)
Thiazolidinedione	44 238 (10.3)	36 003 (11.0)	6857 (11.8)	1172 (5.1)	206 (0.9)
Other antidiabetic drug	74 603 (17.3)	56 217 (17.2)	14 097 (24.2)	3418 (14.9)	871 (3.9)
Mean follow-up, y (SD)	5.6 (3.5)	6.2 (3.4)	5.7 (2.9)	2.9 (1.9)	0.7 (0.8)
Drug adherence (SD)^b	0.37 (0.27)	0.37 (0.27)	0.38 (0.27)	0.35 (0.29)	0.23 (0.29)

Characteristic	Subjects n = 431 178	Change of aDCSI Score per Year
Characteristic	Subjects n = 431 178	0–0.5 n = 327 796	0.5–1 n = 58 375	1–2 n = 22 920	>2 n = 22 087
Age, y
50–59	49 321 (11.4)	42 016 (12.8)	5224 (9.0)	1232 (5.4)	849 (1.7)
60–69	191 800 (44.5)	155 222 (47.4)	23 817 (40.8)	7473 (32.6)	5288 (23.9)
70–79	141 973 (32.9)	102 192 (31.2)	21 867 (37.5)	9316 (40.7)	8598 (38.9)
≥80	48 084 (11.2)	28 366 (8.7)	7467 (12.8)	4899 (21.4)	7352 (33.3)
Mean (SD)	69.0 (8.1)	68.2 (7.7)	70.0 (8.0)	72.5 (8.3)	75.2 (8.9)
Sex
Female	217 927 (50.5)	170 959 (52.2)	26 912 (46.1)	9989 (43.6)	10 067 (45.6)
Urbanization
Low	47 308 (11.0)	34 541 (10.5)	6954 (11.9)	2866 (12.5)	2947 (13.3)
Moderate	86 199 (20.0)	63 678 (19.4)	12 387 (21.2)	5029 (21.9)	5105 (23.1)
High	185 995 (43.1)	142 472 (43.5)	24 857 (42.6)	9654 (42.1)	9012 (40.8)
Very high	111 676 (25.9)	87 105 (26.6)	14 177 (24.3)	5371 (23.4)	5023 (22.7)
Income (NTD)
0	94 954 (22.0)	69 200 (21.1)	13 538 (23.2)	5852 (25.5)	6364 (28.8)
1–15 840	62 175 (14.4)	44 614 (13.6)	9568 (16.4)	4014 (17.5)	3979 (18.0)
15 841–25 000	212 172 (49.2)	162 258 (49.5)	28 640 (49.1)	10 951 (47.8)	10 323 (46.7)
>25 000	61 877 (14.4)	51 724 (15.8)	6629 (11.4)	2103 (9.2)	1421 (6.4)
Medical diseases
Hypertension	346 805 (80.4)	261 050 (79.6)	51 154 (87.6)	19 005 (82.9)	15 596 (70.6)
Coronary heart disease	240 592 (55.8)	176 550 (53.9)	39 266 (67.3)	14 044 (61.3)	10 732 (48.6)
Hypercholesterolemia	250 358 (58.1)	200 636 (61.2)	33 828 (58.0)	10 208 (44.5)	5686 (25.7)
Heart failure	90 026 (20.9)	52 495 (16.0)	20 447 (35.0)	9057 (39.5)	8027 (36.3)
Chronic kidney disease	41 883 (9.7)	20 352 (6.2)	12 126 (20.8)	5271 (23.0)	4134 (18.7)
Depressive disorder	53 992 (12.5)	40 591 (12.4)	8583 (14.7)	2840 (12.4)	1978 (9.0)
COPD	128 043 (29.7)	91 125 (27.8)	21 155 (36.2)	8423 (36.8)	7340 (33.2)
Stroke	183 178 (42.5)	119 223 (36.4)	37 079 (63.5)	14 482 (63.2)	12 394 (56.1)
Diabetes complication
Retinopathy	42 347 (9.8)	24 726 (7.5)	12 292 (21.1)	3771 (16.5)	1558 (7.1)
Nephropathy	113 286 (26.3)	62 819 (19.2)	29 419 (50.4)	11 651 (50.8)	9397 (42.6)
Neuropathy	101 829 (23.6)	67 603 (20.6)	23 072 (39.5)	7331 (32.0)	3823 (17.3)
Cerebrovascular	122 963 (28.5)	66 231 (20.2)	31 929 (54.7)	13 043 (56.9)	11 760 (53.2)
Cardiovascular	226 634 (52.6)	152 443 (46.5)	42 924 (73.5)	16 662 (72.7)	14 605 (66.1)
Peripheral vascular disease	55 124 (12.8)	27 698 (8.5)	16 680 (28.6)	6451 (28.2)	4295 (19.5)
Metabolic	19 194 (4.5)	4591 (1.4)	7116 (12.2)	3667 (16.0)	3820 (17.3)
Mean aDCSI score (SD)
Onset	0.8 (1.2)	0.7 (1.2)	0.7 (1.1)	0.8 (1.2)	0.8 (1.3)
End of follow-up	2.4 (2.0)	1.8 (1.6)	4.5 (1.9)	4.6 (2.2)	3.8 (1.9)
Mean aDCSI complication counts (SD)
Onset	0.5 (0.8)	0.5 (0.8)	0.5 (0.7)	0.5 (0.8)	0.6 (0.8)
End of follow-up	1.6 (1.2)	1.2 (1.0)	2.8 (1.2)	2.7 (1.3)	2.2 (1.1)
Drugs^a
Insulin	41 253 (9.6)	21 806 (6.7)	11 185 (19.2)	4758 (20.8)	3504 (15.9)
Metformin	237 006 (55.0)	191 208 (58.3)	33 857 (58.0)	9172 (40.0)	2769 (12.5)
Sulfonylurea	247 217 (57.3)	194 722 (59.4)	37 507 (64.3)	11 034 (48.1)	3954 (17.9)
Thiazolidinedione	44 238 (10.3)	36 003 (11.0)	6857 (11.8)	1172 (5.1)	206 (0.9)
Other antidiabetic drug	74 603 (17.3)	56 217 (17.2)	14 097 (24.2)	3418 (14.9)	871 (3.9)
Mean follow-up, y (SD)	5.6 (3.5)	6.2 (3.4)	5.7 (2.9)	2.9 (1.9)	0.7 (0.8)
Drug adherence (SD)^b	0.37 (0.27)	0.37 (0.27)	0.38 (0.27)	0.35 (0.29)	0.23 (0.29)

Abbreviation: NTD, New Taiwan dollar.

Each class of antidiabetic drug was defined as subjects who were ever exposed for at least 180 days during the period of study.

Drug adherence was defined as the total days of antidiabetic therapies divided by the total days of diabetic course.

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