TABLE 4 Open in new tab Redox Values in...

SDD (mg/l)	GSH (nmol/mg)	GSSG (nmol/mg)	GSH/GSSG	ΔE (mV)a
Oral mucosa
0	39.12	2.02	3.91	0.11	10.05	0.61	−205.86	1.48
0.3	40.35	1.03	4.25	0.11	9.52	0.30	−205.69	0.69
4	43.93	2.77	4.49	0.16	9.92	0.98	−207.08	2.00
14	43.08	1.17	5.38b	0.22	8.04c	0.26	−204.30	0.58
60	46.01c	1.87	5.42b	0.38	8.62	0.58	−205.98	1.21
170	40.54	1.42	4.68	0.26	8.74	0.44	−204.55	0.97
520	37.71	1.19	4.13	0.16	9.15	0.28	−204.25	0.66
Duodenum
0	18.20	1.00	0.25	0.02	72.29	5.58	−221.94	1.52
0.3	20.06	1.17	0.29	0.02	69.58	5.41	−222.69	1.80
4	20.14	0.57	0.35	0.02	58.89	3.10	−220.69	0.74
14	21.43d	0.85	0.40e	0.01	53.36d	2.96	−220.18	1.14
60	21.96d	1.08	0.42e	0.03	53.12d	3.06	−220.40	1.20
170	23.92e	0.96	0.51e	0.04	48.10e	3.08	−220.23	0.93
520	23.04e	1.39	0.52e	0.04	44.44e	2.19	−218.65	1.14
Jejunum
0	17.95	0.55	0.33	0.02	56.21	5.28	−218.35	1.67
0.3	18.00	1.19	0.33	0.03	55.67	3.41	−218.32	1.20
4	16.81	0.53	0.37	0.01	45.08	2.15	−214.72	0.98
14	15.97	0.71	0.42d	0.04	39.09d	2.81	−212.04d	1.03
60	14.55d	0.51	0.41d	0.02	36.15d	2.15	−209.80d	1.14
170	12.89e	0.80	0.41d	0.02	31.28e	1.73	−206.18e	1.55
520	12.46e	0.94	0.47e	0.02	26.70e	2.30	−203.47e	2.04
Ileum
0	15.85	0.88	0.33	0.03	49.67	3.15	−215.13	0.89
0.3	16.98	0.97	0.35	0.02	48.52	2.37	−215.76	1.34
4	16.78	1.22	0.37	0.06	47.00	3.61	−215.02	0.84
14	16.66	1.02	0.32	0.02	51.85	2.99	−216.37	1.34
60	16.40	0.70	0.37	0.04	45.85	2.58	−214.56	0.42
170	16.17	1.48	0.34	0.03	48.03	2.59	−214.82	1.49
520	17.18	1.35	0.32	0.03	55.30	2.57	−217.61	0.93
Plasmaf	GSH (μM)	GSSG (μM)
0	35.23	2.03	5.98	0.47	6.05	0.61	−139.06	1.83
0.3	39.63	2.98	6.73	0.17	5.91	0.45	−140.35	2.02
4	37.96	3.31	8.77	0.55	4.46	0.60	−135.55	3.22
14	44.21	2.94	11.84e	1.41	4.04	0.69	−136.13	3.03
60	50.13e	1.81	10.02e	0.40	5.05	0.33	−141.55	1.29
170	53.07e	2.34	16.49e	1.35	3.31e	0.39	−136.51	1.96
520	54.32e	3.43	18.47e	0.93	3.00e	0.32	−135.41	2.21

SDD (mg/l)

GSH (nmol/mg)

GSSG (nmol/mg)

GSH/GSSG

ΔE (mV)a

Average

SEM

Average

SEM

Average

SEM

Average

SEM

Oral mucosa

39.12

2.02

3.91

0.11

10.05

0.61

−205.86

1.48

0.3

40.35

1.03

4.25

0.11

9.52

0.30

−205.69

0.69

43.93

2.77

4.49

0.16

9.92

0.98

−207.08

2.00

43.08

1.17

5.38b

0.22

8.04c

0.26

−204.30

0.58

46.01c

1.87

5.42b

0.38

8.62

0.58

−205.98

1.21

170

40.54

1.42

4.68

0.26

8.74

0.44

−204.55

0.97

520

37.71

1.19

4.13

0.16

9.15

0.28

−204.25

0.66

Duodenum

18.20

1.00

0.25

0.02

72.29

5.58

−221.94

1.52

0.3

20.06

1.17

0.29

0.02

69.58

5.41

−222.69

1.80

20.14

0.57

0.35

0.02

58.89

3.10

−220.69

0.74

21.43d

0.85

0.40e

0.01

53.36d

2.96

−220.18

1.14

21.96d

1.08

0.42e

0.03

53.12d

3.06

−220.40

1.20

170

23.92e

0.96

0.51e

0.04

48.10e

3.08

−220.23

0.93

520

23.04e

1.39

0.52e

0.04

44.44e

2.19

−218.65

1.14

Jejunum

17.95

0.55

0.33

0.02

56.21

5.28

−218.35

1.67

0.3

18.00

1.19

0.33

0.03

55.67

3.41

−218.32

1.20

16.81

0.53

0.37

0.01

45.08

2.15

−214.72

0.98

15.97

0.71

0.42d

0.04

39.09d

2.81

−212.04d

1.03

14.55d

0.51

0.41d

0.02

36.15d

2.15

−209.80d

1.14

170

12.89e

0.80

0.41d

0.02

31.28e

1.73

−206.18e

1.55

520

12.46e

0.94

0.47e

0.02

26.70e

2.30

−203.47e

2.04

Ileum

15.85

0.88

0.33

0.03

49.67

3.15

−215.13

0.89

0.3

16.98

0.97

0.35

0.02

48.52

2.37

−215.76

1.34

16.78

1.22

0.37

0.06

47.00

3.61

−215.02

0.84

16.66

1.02

0.32

0.02

51.85

2.99

−216.37

1.34

16.40

0.70

0.37

0.04

45.85

2.58

−214.56

0.42

170

16.17

1.48

0.34

0.03

48.03

2.59

−214.82

1.49

520

17.18

1.35

0.32

0.03

55.30

2.57

−217.61

0.93

Plasmaf

GSH (μM)

GSSG (μM)

35.23

2.03

5.98

0.47

6.05

0.61

−139.06

1.83

0.3

39.63

2.98

6.73

0.17

5.91

0.45

−140.35

2.02

37.96

3.31

8.77

0.55

4.46

0.60

−135.55

3.22

44.21

2.94

11.84e

1.41

4.04

0.69

−136.13

3.03

50.13e

1.81

10.02e

0.40

5.05

0.33

−141.55

1.29

170

53.07e

2.34

16.49e

1.35

3.31e

0.39

−136.51

1.96

520

54.32e

3.43

18.47e

0.93

3.00e

0.32

−135.41

2.21

SDD (mg/l)	GSH (nmol/mg)	GSSG (nmol/mg)	GSH/GSSG	ΔE (mV)a
Oral mucosa
0	39.12	2.02	3.91	0.11	10.05	0.61	−205.86	1.48
0.3	40.35	1.03	4.25	0.11	9.52	0.30	−205.69	0.69
4	43.93	2.77	4.49	0.16	9.92	0.98	−207.08	2.00
14	43.08	1.17	5.38b	0.22	8.04c	0.26	−204.30	0.58
60	46.01c	1.87	5.42b	0.38	8.62	0.58	−205.98	1.21
170	40.54	1.42	4.68	0.26	8.74	0.44	−204.55	0.97
520	37.71	1.19	4.13	0.16	9.15	0.28	−204.25	0.66
Duodenum
0	18.20	1.00	0.25	0.02	72.29	5.58	−221.94	1.52
0.3	20.06	1.17	0.29	0.02	69.58	5.41	−222.69	1.80
4	20.14	0.57	0.35	0.02	58.89	3.10	−220.69	0.74
14	21.43d	0.85	0.40e	0.01	53.36d	2.96	−220.18	1.14
60	21.96d	1.08	0.42e	0.03	53.12d	3.06	−220.40	1.20
170	23.92e	0.96	0.51e	0.04	48.10e	3.08	−220.23	0.93
520	23.04e	1.39	0.52e	0.04	44.44e	2.19	−218.65	1.14
Jejunum
0	17.95	0.55	0.33	0.02	56.21	5.28	−218.35	1.67
0.3	18.00	1.19	0.33	0.03	55.67	3.41	−218.32	1.20
4	16.81	0.53	0.37	0.01	45.08	2.15	−214.72	0.98
14	15.97	0.71	0.42d	0.04	39.09d	2.81	−212.04d	1.03
60	14.55d	0.51	0.41d	0.02	36.15d	2.15	−209.80d	1.14
170	12.89e	0.80	0.41d	0.02	31.28e	1.73	−206.18e	1.55
520	12.46e	0.94	0.47e	0.02	26.70e	2.30	−203.47e	2.04
Ileum
0	15.85	0.88	0.33	0.03	49.67	3.15	−215.13	0.89
0.3	16.98	0.97	0.35	0.02	48.52	2.37	−215.76	1.34
4	16.78	1.22	0.37	0.06	47.00	3.61	−215.02	0.84
14	16.66	1.02	0.32	0.02	51.85	2.99	−216.37	1.34
60	16.40	0.70	0.37	0.04	45.85	2.58	−214.56	0.42
170	16.17	1.48	0.34	0.03	48.03	2.59	−214.82	1.49
520	17.18	1.35	0.32	0.03	55.30	2.57	−217.61	0.93
Plasmaf	GSH (μM)	GSSG (μM)
0	35.23	2.03	5.98	0.47	6.05	0.61	−139.06	1.83
0.3	39.63	2.98	6.73	0.17	5.91	0.45	−140.35	2.02
4	37.96	3.31	8.77	0.55	4.46	0.60	−135.55	3.22
14	44.21	2.94	11.84e	1.41	4.04	0.69	−136.13	3.03
60	50.13e	1.81	10.02e	0.40	5.05	0.33	−141.55	1.29
170	53.07e	2.34	16.49e	1.35	3.31e	0.39	−136.51	1.96
520	54.32e	3.43	18.47e	0.93	3.00e	0.32	−135.41	2.21

TABLE 4

Open in new tab

Redox Values in Epithelia and Plasma after 90 Days of Exposure to SDD

SDD (mg/l)	GSH (nmol/mg)		GSSG (nmol/mg)		GSH/GSSG		ΔE (mV)a
SDD (mg/l)	Average	SEM	Average	SEM	Average	SEM	Average	SEM
Oral mucosa
0	39.12	2.02	3.91	0.11	10.05	0.61	−205.86	1.48
0.3	40.35	1.03	4.25	0.11	9.52	0.30	−205.69	0.69
4	43.93	2.77	4.49	0.16	9.92	0.98	−207.08	2.00
14	43.08	1.17	5.38b	0.22	8.04c	0.26	−204.30	0.58
60	46.01c	1.87	5.42b	0.38	8.62	0.58	−205.98	1.21
170	40.54	1.42	4.68	0.26	8.74	0.44	−204.55	0.97
520	37.71	1.19	4.13	0.16	9.15	0.28	−204.25	0.66
Duodenum
0	18.20	1.00	0.25	0.02	72.29	5.58	−221.94	1.52
0.3	20.06	1.17	0.29	0.02	69.58	5.41	−222.69	1.80
4	20.14	0.57	0.35	0.02	58.89	3.10	−220.69	0.74
14	21.43d	0.85	0.40e	0.01	53.36d	2.96	−220.18	1.14
60	21.96d	1.08	0.42e	0.03	53.12d	3.06	−220.40	1.20
170	23.92e	0.96	0.51e	0.04	48.10e	3.08	−220.23	0.93
520	23.04e	1.39	0.52e	0.04	44.44e	2.19	−218.65	1.14
Jejunum
0	17.95	0.55	0.33	0.02	56.21	5.28	−218.35	1.67
0.3	18.00	1.19	0.33	0.03	55.67	3.41	−218.32	1.20
4	16.81	0.53	0.37	0.01	45.08	2.15	−214.72	0.98
14	15.97	0.71	0.42d	0.04	39.09d	2.81	−212.04d	1.03
60	14.55d	0.51	0.41d	0.02	36.15d	2.15	−209.80d	1.14
170	12.89e	0.80	0.41d	0.02	31.28e	1.73	−206.18e	1.55
520	12.46e	0.94	0.47e	0.02	26.70e	2.30	−203.47e	2.04
Ileum
0	15.85	0.88	0.33	0.03	49.67	3.15	−215.13	0.89
0.3	16.98	0.97	0.35	0.02	48.52	2.37	−215.76	1.34
4	16.78	1.22	0.37	0.06	47.00	3.61	−215.02	0.84
14	16.66	1.02	0.32	0.02	51.85	2.99	−216.37	1.34
60	16.40	0.70	0.37	0.04	45.85	2.58	−214.56	0.42
170	16.17	1.48	0.34	0.03	48.03	2.59	−214.82	1.49
520	17.18	1.35	0.32	0.03	55.30	2.57	−217.61	0.93
Plasmaf	GSH (μM)		GSSG (μM)
0	35.23	2.03	5.98	0.47	6.05	0.61	−139.06	1.83
0.3	39.63	2.98	6.73	0.17	5.91	0.45	−140.35	2.02
4	37.96	3.31	8.77	0.55	4.46	0.60	−135.55	3.22
14	44.21	2.94	11.84e	1.41	4.04	0.69	−136.13	3.03
60	50.13e	1.81	10.02e	0.40	5.05	0.33	−141.55	1.29
170	53.07e	2.34	16.49e	1.35	3.31e	0.39	−136.51	1.96
520	54.32e	3.43	18.47e	0.93	3.00e	0.32	−135.41	2.21

SDD (mg/l)	GSH (nmol/mg)		GSSG (nmol/mg)		GSH/GSSG		ΔE (mV)a
SDD (mg/l)	Average	SEM	Average	SEM	Average	SEM	Average	SEM
Oral mucosa
0	39.12	2.02	3.91	0.11	10.05	0.61	−205.86	1.48
0.3	40.35	1.03	4.25	0.11	9.52	0.30	−205.69	0.69
4	43.93	2.77	4.49	0.16	9.92	0.98	−207.08	2.00
14	43.08	1.17	5.38b	0.22	8.04c	0.26	−204.30	0.58
60	46.01c	1.87	5.42b	0.38	8.62	0.58	−205.98	1.21
170	40.54	1.42	4.68	0.26	8.74	0.44	−204.55	0.97
520	37.71	1.19	4.13	0.16	9.15	0.28	−204.25	0.66
Duodenum
0	18.20	1.00	0.25	0.02	72.29	5.58	−221.94	1.52
0.3	20.06	1.17	0.29	0.02	69.58	5.41	−222.69	1.80
4	20.14	0.57	0.35	0.02	58.89	3.10	−220.69	0.74
14	21.43d	0.85	0.40e	0.01	53.36d	2.96	−220.18	1.14
60	21.96d	1.08	0.42e	0.03	53.12d	3.06	−220.40	1.20
170	23.92e	0.96	0.51e	0.04	48.10e	3.08	−220.23	0.93
520	23.04e	1.39	0.52e	0.04	44.44e	2.19	−218.65	1.14
Jejunum
0	17.95	0.55	0.33	0.02	56.21	5.28	−218.35	1.67
0.3	18.00	1.19	0.33	0.03	55.67	3.41	−218.32	1.20
4	16.81	0.53	0.37	0.01	45.08	2.15	−214.72	0.98
14	15.97	0.71	0.42d	0.04	39.09d	2.81	−212.04d	1.03
60	14.55d	0.51	0.41d	0.02	36.15d	2.15	−209.80d	1.14
170	12.89e	0.80	0.41d	0.02	31.28e	1.73	−206.18e	1.55
520	12.46e	0.94	0.47e	0.02	26.70e	2.30	−203.47e	2.04
Ileum
0	15.85	0.88	0.33	0.03	49.67	3.15	−215.13	0.89
0.3	16.98	0.97	0.35	0.02	48.52	2.37	−215.76	1.34
4	16.78	1.22	0.37	0.06	47.00	3.61	−215.02	0.84
14	16.66	1.02	0.32	0.02	51.85	2.99	−216.37	1.34
60	16.40	0.70	0.37	0.04	45.85	2.58	−214.56	0.42
170	16.17	1.48	0.34	0.03	48.03	2.59	−214.82	1.49
520	17.18	1.35	0.32	0.03	55.30	2.57	−217.61	0.93
Plasmaf	GSH (μM)		GSSG (μM)
0	35.23	2.03	5.98	0.47	6.05	0.61	−139.06	1.83
0.3	39.63	2.98	6.73	0.17	5.91	0.45	−140.35	2.02
4	37.96	3.31	8.77	0.55	4.46	0.60	−135.55	3.22
14	44.21	2.94	11.84e	1.41	4.04	0.69	−136.13	3.03
60	50.13e	1.81	10.02e	0.40	5.05	0.33	−141.55	1.29
170	53.07e	2.34	16.49e	1.35	3.31e	0.39	−136.51	1.96
520	54.32e	3.43	18.47e	0.93	3.00e	0.32	−135.41	2.21

See “MATERIALS AND METHODS” for calculation.

Statistically significant from control by Dunn’s tests (p < 0.01).

Statistically significant from control by Dunn’s tests (p < 0.05).

Statistically significant from control by Shirley’s tests (p < 0.05).

Statistically significant from control by Shirley’s tests (p < 0.01).

n = 4 for plasma GSH, GSH/GSSG, and ΔE.

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