Risk Factors for a CD4/CD8 Ratio <1 in Individuals With Available Cytomegalovirus Serology: Univariable and Multivariable Analyses (n = 645)
| Variable . | CD4/CD8 Ratio <1 (n = 416) . | CD4/CD8 Ratio ≥1 (n = 229) . | Univariable Analysis . | Multivariable Analysisa . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio (95% CI) . | P Value . | Odds Ratio (95% CI) . | P Value . | |||
| Ageb, y | 48 (42–56) | 51 (45–57) | 0.8 (.7–.9) | .005 | 0.8 (.7–1.0) | .064 |
| Male sex | 300 (72) | 178 (78) | 0.7 (.5–1.0) | .061 | 0.9 (.6–1.5) | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24 (22–27) | 23 (21–26) | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | .418 | ||
| HIV risk group | ||||||
| MSM | 186 (45) | 117 (51) | 1 | .226 | ||
| Heterosexual | 153 (37) | 69 (30) | 1.4 (1.0–2.1) | |||
| IDU | 26 (6) | 17 (8) | 1.0 (.6–6.5) | |||
| Other/unknown | 51 (12) | 26 (11) | 1.4 (.9–2.4) | |||
| CD4 count nadirc, cells/µL | 153 (56–240) | 233 (141–315) | 0.7 (.6–.8) | <.001 | 0.7 (.7–.8) | <.001 |
| Duration of viral suppressiond, y | 4.9 (3.1–8.5) | 6.3 (3.7–10.1) | 0.7 (.5–.8) | <.001 | 0.6 (.5–.8) | <.001 |
| ART introduction | ||||||
| 2002 or later | 123 (30) | 80 (35) | 1 | .004 | 1 | .009 |
| 1997–2001 | 150 (36) | 95 (41) | 1.1 (.8–1.6) | 1.5 (1.0–2.3) | ||
| Before 1997 | 143 (34) | 54 (24) | 1.9 (1.2–2.8) | 1.9 (1.2–3.0) | ||
| Positive anti-HCV IgG | 68 (16) | 26 (11) | 1.4 (.9–2.2) | .159 | 1.4 (.8–2.3) | .224 |
| Positive HBsAg | 36 (9) | 13 (6) | 1.5 (.8–2.8) | .21 | ||
| Positive anti-CMV IgG | 375 (90) | 189 (83) | 1.9 (1.2–3.1) | .005 | 1.9 (1.1–3.1) | .003 |
| Variable . | CD4/CD8 Ratio <1 (n = 416) . | CD4/CD8 Ratio ≥1 (n = 229) . | Univariable Analysis . | Multivariable Analysisa . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio (95% CI) . | P Value . | Odds Ratio (95% CI) . | P Value . | |||
| Ageb, y | 48 (42–56) | 51 (45–57) | 0.8 (.7–.9) | .005 | 0.8 (.7–1.0) | .064 |
| Male sex | 300 (72) | 178 (78) | 0.7 (.5–1.0) | .061 | 0.9 (.6–1.5) | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24 (22–27) | 23 (21–26) | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | .418 | ||
| HIV risk group | ||||||
| MSM | 186 (45) | 117 (51) | 1 | .226 | ||
| Heterosexual | 153 (37) | 69 (30) | 1.4 (1.0–2.1) | |||
| IDU | 26 (6) | 17 (8) | 1.0 (.6–6.5) | |||
| Other/unknown | 51 (12) | 26 (11) | 1.4 (.9–2.4) | |||
| CD4 count nadirc, cells/µL | 153 (56–240) | 233 (141–315) | 0.7 (.6–.8) | <.001 | 0.7 (.7–.8) | <.001 |
| Duration of viral suppressiond, y | 4.9 (3.1–8.5) | 6.3 (3.7–10.1) | 0.7 (.5–.8) | <.001 | 0.6 (.5–.8) | <.001 |
| ART introduction | ||||||
| 2002 or later | 123 (30) | 80 (35) | 1 | .004 | 1 | .009 |
| 1997–2001 | 150 (36) | 95 (41) | 1.1 (.8–1.6) | 1.5 (1.0–2.3) | ||
| Before 1997 | 143 (34) | 54 (24) | 1.9 (1.2–2.8) | 1.9 (1.2–3.0) | ||
| Positive anti-HCV IgG | 68 (16) | 26 (11) | 1.4 (.9–2.2) | .159 | 1.4 (.8–2.3) | .224 |
| Positive HBsAg | 36 (9) | 13 (6) | 1.5 (.8–2.8) | .21 | ||
| Positive anti-CMV IgG | 375 (90) | 189 (83) | 1.9 (1.2–3.1) | .005 | 1.9 (1.1–3.1) | .003 |
Results are expressed as median (IQR) or No. (%).
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; CI, confidence interval; CMV, cytomegalovirus; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IDU, intravenous drug user; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IQR, interquartile range; MSM, men who have sex with men.
a Statistically significant variables in univariable analysis (P < .20) were included in the multivariable analysis model.
b Odds ratios are expressed per 10 years of age.
c Odds ratios are expressed per log2 CD4 cell nadir.
d Viral suppression is defined as a plasma HIV-1 RNA level <200 copies/mL or <50 copies/mL according to the method used (<200 copies/mL from 1996 to 2006, and <50 copies/mL thereafter). Odds ratios are expressed per 5-year increments.
Risk Factors for a CD4/CD8 Ratio <1 in Individuals With Available Cytomegalovirus Serology: Univariable and Multivariable Analyses (n = 645)
| Variable . | CD4/CD8 Ratio <1 (n = 416) . | CD4/CD8 Ratio ≥1 (n = 229) . | Univariable Analysis . | Multivariable Analysisa . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio (95% CI) . | P Value . | Odds Ratio (95% CI) . | P Value . | |||
| Ageb, y | 48 (42–56) | 51 (45–57) | 0.8 (.7–.9) | .005 | 0.8 (.7–1.0) | .064 |
| Male sex | 300 (72) | 178 (78) | 0.7 (.5–1.0) | .061 | 0.9 (.6–1.5) | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24 (22–27) | 23 (21–26) | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | .418 | ||
| HIV risk group | ||||||
| MSM | 186 (45) | 117 (51) | 1 | .226 | ||
| Heterosexual | 153 (37) | 69 (30) | 1.4 (1.0–2.1) | |||
| IDU | 26 (6) | 17 (8) | 1.0 (.6–6.5) | |||
| Other/unknown | 51 (12) | 26 (11) | 1.4 (.9–2.4) | |||
| CD4 count nadirc, cells/µL | 153 (56–240) | 233 (141–315) | 0.7 (.6–.8) | <.001 | 0.7 (.7–.8) | <.001 |
| Duration of viral suppressiond, y | 4.9 (3.1–8.5) | 6.3 (3.7–10.1) | 0.7 (.5–.8) | <.001 | 0.6 (.5–.8) | <.001 |
| ART introduction | ||||||
| 2002 or later | 123 (30) | 80 (35) | 1 | .004 | 1 | .009 |
| 1997–2001 | 150 (36) | 95 (41) | 1.1 (.8–1.6) | 1.5 (1.0–2.3) | ||
| Before 1997 | 143 (34) | 54 (24) | 1.9 (1.2–2.8) | 1.9 (1.2–3.0) | ||
| Positive anti-HCV IgG | 68 (16) | 26 (11) | 1.4 (.9–2.2) | .159 | 1.4 (.8–2.3) | .224 |
| Positive HBsAg | 36 (9) | 13 (6) | 1.5 (.8–2.8) | .21 | ||
| Positive anti-CMV IgG | 375 (90) | 189 (83) | 1.9 (1.2–3.1) | .005 | 1.9 (1.1–3.1) | .003 |
| Variable . | CD4/CD8 Ratio <1 (n = 416) . | CD4/CD8 Ratio ≥1 (n = 229) . | Univariable Analysis . | Multivariable Analysisa . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio (95% CI) . | P Value . | Odds Ratio (95% CI) . | P Value . | |||
| Ageb, y | 48 (42–56) | 51 (45–57) | 0.8 (.7–.9) | .005 | 0.8 (.7–1.0) | .064 |
| Male sex | 300 (72) | 178 (78) | 0.7 (.5–1.0) | .061 | 0.9 (.6–1.5) | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24 (22–27) | 23 (21–26) | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | .418 | ||
| HIV risk group | ||||||
| MSM | 186 (45) | 117 (51) | 1 | .226 | ||
| Heterosexual | 153 (37) | 69 (30) | 1.4 (1.0–2.1) | |||
| IDU | 26 (6) | 17 (8) | 1.0 (.6–6.5) | |||
| Other/unknown | 51 (12) | 26 (11) | 1.4 (.9–2.4) | |||
| CD4 count nadirc, cells/µL | 153 (56–240) | 233 (141–315) | 0.7 (.6–.8) | <.001 | 0.7 (.7–.8) | <.001 |
| Duration of viral suppressiond, y | 4.9 (3.1–8.5) | 6.3 (3.7–10.1) | 0.7 (.5–.8) | <.001 | 0.6 (.5–.8) | <.001 |
| ART introduction | ||||||
| 2002 or later | 123 (30) | 80 (35) | 1 | .004 | 1 | .009 |
| 1997–2001 | 150 (36) | 95 (41) | 1.1 (.8–1.6) | 1.5 (1.0–2.3) | ||
| Before 1997 | 143 (34) | 54 (24) | 1.9 (1.2–2.8) | 1.9 (1.2–3.0) | ||
| Positive anti-HCV IgG | 68 (16) | 26 (11) | 1.4 (.9–2.2) | .159 | 1.4 (.8–2.3) | .224 |
| Positive HBsAg | 36 (9) | 13 (6) | 1.5 (.8–2.8) | .21 | ||
| Positive anti-CMV IgG | 375 (90) | 189 (83) | 1.9 (1.2–3.1) | .005 | 1.9 (1.1–3.1) | .003 |
Results are expressed as median (IQR) or No. (%).
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; CI, confidence interval; CMV, cytomegalovirus; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IDU, intravenous drug user; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IQR, interquartile range; MSM, men who have sex with men.
a Statistically significant variables in univariable analysis (P < .20) were included in the multivariable analysis model.
b Odds ratios are expressed per 10 years of age.
c Odds ratios are expressed per log2 CD4 cell nadir.
d Viral suppression is defined as a plasma HIV-1 RNA level <200 copies/mL or <50 copies/mL according to the method used (<200 copies/mL from 1996 to 2006, and <50 copies/mL thereafter). Odds ratios are expressed per 5-year increments.
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