The haemodynamic results for the different aortic root phantoms are listed in Table 1. The trans-valvular pressure gradient dPmean was similar for the measurements at 60 bpm, whereas it tended to be larger for lower aortic root distensibilities at 80 and 100 bpm. Figure 3 shows the measured pressures in the aorta, the LV and the trans-valvular pressure gradient for all measurements. Clearly, the different aortic root phantoms did not significantly affect these haemodynamic parameters.
Table 1:
Overview of mean haemodynamic parameters for all measurements
| Phantom thickness (mm) | HR (bpm) | Aortic systolic pressure (mmHg) | Aortic diastolic pressure (mmHg) | Mean pressure gradient (mmHg) | Mean systolic aortic valve rms flow (ml/s) | Cardiac flow output (l/min) | Camera position |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.55 | 59.8 (0.3) | 101.8 (0.2) | 62.2 (0.2) | 9.8 (0.2) | 264.0 (1.7) | 3.5 (0.03) | Sideways |
| 59.9 (0.2) | 102.2 (0.4) | 63.8 (0.3) | 9.9 (0.2) | 266.6 (2.2) | 3.5 (0.03) | Axial | |
| 78.6 (0.2) | 123.4 (0.2) | 87.6 (0.4) | 11.3 (0.2) | 294.5 (2.6) | 4.2 (0.03) | Sideways | |
| 78.6 (0.3) | 123.4 (0.2) | 86.8 (0.2) | 11.4 (0.3) | 296.1 (2.2) | 4.2 (0.03) | Axial | |
| 94.7 (2.8) | 145.5 (2.8) | 110.6 (3.3) | 12.6 (0.4) | 315.8 (5.0) | 4.7 (0.09) | Sideways | |
| 98.3 (0.5) | 148.7 (0.4) | 113.9 (0.4) | 12.3 (0.3) | 319.9 (3.7) | 4.7 (0.04) | Axial | |
| 0.85 | 56.5 (0.2) | 101.2 (0.7) | 62.3 (0.6) | 9.6 (0.2) | 248.0 (2.9) | 3.5 (0.03) | Sideways |
| 58.4 (0.2) | 105.7 (0.3) | 65.1 (0.4) | 9.6 (0.1) | 261.7 (1.9) | 3.6 (0.03) | Axial | |
| 78.5 (0.3) | 128.2 (0.2) | 89.8 (0.2) | 12.3 (0.2) | 287.3 (3.4) | 4.3 (0.03) | Sideways | |
| 78.1(0.3) | 128.3 (0.7) | 91.0 (0.8) | 12.1 (0.3) | 291.0 (3.0) | 4.4 (0.04) | Axial | |
| 97.3 (0.5) | 153.9 (0.7) | 118.2 (0.4) | 12.9 (0.3) | 313.4 (4.9) | 5.0 (0.03) | Sideways | |
| 95.3 (0.3) | 150.3 (0.4) | 115.6 (0.2) | 13.5 (0.3) | 305.5 (3.9) | 5.0 (0.03) | Axial | |
| 1.50 | 56.0 (0.3) | 100.1 (0.2) | 58.4 (0.2) | 8.5 (0.2) | 264.7 (2.3) | 3.6 (0.03) | Sideways |
| 58.5 (0.3) | 101.3 (0.4) | 60.1 (0.3) | 10.0 (0.1) | 267.8 (1.5) | 3.7 (0.03) | Axial | |
| 78.1 (0.3) | 119.5 (0.3) | 81.9 (0.1) | 12.2 (0.3) | 297.8 (3.3) | 4.4 (0.03) | Sideways | |
| 78.2 (0.4) | 121.5 (0.2) | 82.7 (0.3) | 12.4 (0.2) | 302.0 (2.6) | 4.4 (0.03) | Axial | |
| 94.7 (1.0) | 145.5 (0.8) | 108.3 (1.2) | 14.9 (0.4) | 327.4 (3.3) | 5.1 (0.05) | Sideways | |
| 98.3 (0.4) | 146.3 (0.3) | 110.1 (0.5) | 14.6 (0.4) | 321.7 (3.7) | 5.1 (0.05) | Axial |
| Phantom thickness (mm) | HR (bpm) | Aortic systolic pressure (mmHg) | Aortic diastolic pressure (mmHg) | Mean pressure gradient (mmHg) | Mean systolic aortic valve rms flow (ml/s) | Cardiac flow output (l/min) | Camera position |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.55 | 59.8 (0.3) | 101.8 (0.2) | 62.2 (0.2) | 9.8 (0.2) | 264.0 (1.7) | 3.5 (0.03) | Sideways |
| 59.9 (0.2) | 102.2 (0.4) | 63.8 (0.3) | 9.9 (0.2) | 266.6 (2.2) | 3.5 (0.03) | Axial | |
| 78.6 (0.2) | 123.4 (0.2) | 87.6 (0.4) | 11.3 (0.2) | 294.5 (2.6) | 4.2 (0.03) | Sideways | |
| 78.6 (0.3) | 123.4 (0.2) | 86.8 (0.2) | 11.4 (0.3) | 296.1 (2.2) | 4.2 (0.03) | Axial | |
| 94.7 (2.8) | 145.5 (2.8) | 110.6 (3.3) | 12.6 (0.4) | 315.8 (5.0) | 4.7 (0.09) | Sideways | |
| 98.3 (0.5) | 148.7 (0.4) | 113.9 (0.4) | 12.3 (0.3) | 319.9 (3.7) | 4.7 (0.04) | Axial | |
| 0.85 | 56.5 (0.2) | 101.2 (0.7) | 62.3 (0.6) | 9.6 (0.2) | 248.0 (2.9) | 3.5 (0.03) | Sideways |
| 58.4 (0.2) | 105.7 (0.3) | 65.1 (0.4) | 9.6 (0.1) | 261.7 (1.9) | 3.6 (0.03) | Axial | |
| 78.5 (0.3) | 128.2 (0.2) | 89.8 (0.2) | 12.3 (0.2) | 287.3 (3.4) | 4.3 (0.03) | Sideways | |
| 78.1(0.3) | 128.3 (0.7) | 91.0 (0.8) | 12.1 (0.3) | 291.0 (3.0) | 4.4 (0.04) | Axial | |
| 97.3 (0.5) | 153.9 (0.7) | 118.2 (0.4) | 12.9 (0.3) | 313.4 (4.9) | 5.0 (0.03) | Sideways | |
| 95.3 (0.3) | 150.3 (0.4) | 115.6 (0.2) | 13.5 (0.3) | 305.5 (3.9) | 5.0 (0.03) | Axial | |
| 1.50 | 56.0 (0.3) | 100.1 (0.2) | 58.4 (0.2) | 8.5 (0.2) | 264.7 (2.3) | 3.6 (0.03) | Sideways |
| 58.5 (0.3) | 101.3 (0.4) | 60.1 (0.3) | 10.0 (0.1) | 267.8 (1.5) | 3.7 (0.03) | Axial | |
| 78.1 (0.3) | 119.5 (0.3) | 81.9 (0.1) | 12.2 (0.3) | 297.8 (3.3) | 4.4 (0.03) | Sideways | |
| 78.2 (0.4) | 121.5 (0.2) | 82.7 (0.3) | 12.4 (0.2) | 302.0 (2.6) | 4.4 (0.03) | Axial | |
| 94.7 (1.0) | 145.5 (0.8) | 108.3 (1.2) | 14.9 (0.4) | 327.4 (3.3) | 5.1 (0.05) | Sideways | |
| 98.3 (0.4) | 146.3 (0.3) | 110.1 (0.5) | 14.6 (0.4) | 321.7 (3.7) | 5.1 (0.05) | Axial |
The standard deviation is given in parentheses.
HR: heart rate; rms: root-mean-square.
Table 1:
Overview of mean haemodynamic parameters for all measurements
| Phantom thickness (mm) | HR (bpm) | Aortic systolic pressure (mmHg) | Aortic diastolic pressure (mmHg) | Mean pressure gradient (mmHg) | Mean systolic aortic valve rms flow (ml/s) | Cardiac flow output (l/min) | Camera position |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.55 | 59.8 (0.3) | 101.8 (0.2) | 62.2 (0.2) | 9.8 (0.2) | 264.0 (1.7) | 3.5 (0.03) | Sideways |
| 59.9 (0.2) | 102.2 (0.4) | 63.8 (0.3) | 9.9 (0.2) | 266.6 (2.2) | 3.5 (0.03) | Axial | |
| 78.6 (0.2) | 123.4 (0.2) | 87.6 (0.4) | 11.3 (0.2) | 294.5 (2.6) | 4.2 (0.03) | Sideways | |
| 78.6 (0.3) | 123.4 (0.2) | 86.8 (0.2) | 11.4 (0.3) | 296.1 (2.2) | 4.2 (0.03) | Axial | |
| 94.7 (2.8) | 145.5 (2.8) | 110.6 (3.3) | 12.6 (0.4) | 315.8 (5.0) | 4.7 (0.09) | Sideways | |
| 98.3 (0.5) | 148.7 (0.4) | 113.9 (0.4) | 12.3 (0.3) | 319.9 (3.7) | 4.7 (0.04) | Axial | |
| 0.85 | 56.5 (0.2) | 101.2 (0.7) | 62.3 (0.6) | 9.6 (0.2) | 248.0 (2.9) | 3.5 (0.03) | Sideways |
| 58.4 (0.2) | 105.7 (0.3) | 65.1 (0.4) | 9.6 (0.1) | 261.7 (1.9) | 3.6 (0.03) | Axial | |
| 78.5 (0.3) | 128.2 (0.2) | 89.8 (0.2) | 12.3 (0.2) | 287.3 (3.4) | 4.3 (0.03) | Sideways | |
| 78.1(0.3) | 128.3 (0.7) | 91.0 (0.8) | 12.1 (0.3) | 291.0 (3.0) | 4.4 (0.04) | Axial | |
| 97.3 (0.5) | 153.9 (0.7) | 118.2 (0.4) | 12.9 (0.3) | 313.4 (4.9) | 5.0 (0.03) | Sideways | |
| 95.3 (0.3) | 150.3 (0.4) | 115.6 (0.2) | 13.5 (0.3) | 305.5 (3.9) | 5.0 (0.03) | Axial | |
| 1.50 | 56.0 (0.3) | 100.1 (0.2) | 58.4 (0.2) | 8.5 (0.2) | 264.7 (2.3) | 3.6 (0.03) | Sideways |
| 58.5 (0.3) | 101.3 (0.4) | 60.1 (0.3) | 10.0 (0.1) | 267.8 (1.5) | 3.7 (0.03) | Axial | |
| 78.1 (0.3) | 119.5 (0.3) | 81.9 (0.1) | 12.2 (0.3) | 297.8 (3.3) | 4.4 (0.03) | Sideways | |
| 78.2 (0.4) | 121.5 (0.2) | 82.7 (0.3) | 12.4 (0.2) | 302.0 (2.6) | 4.4 (0.03) | Axial | |
| 94.7 (1.0) | 145.5 (0.8) | 108.3 (1.2) | 14.9 (0.4) | 327.4 (3.3) | 5.1 (0.05) | Sideways | |
| 98.3 (0.4) | 146.3 (0.3) | 110.1 (0.5) | 14.6 (0.4) | 321.7 (3.7) | 5.1 (0.05) | Axial |
| Phantom thickness (mm) | HR (bpm) | Aortic systolic pressure (mmHg) | Aortic diastolic pressure (mmHg) | Mean pressure gradient (mmHg) | Mean systolic aortic valve rms flow (ml/s) | Cardiac flow output (l/min) | Camera position |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.55 | 59.8 (0.3) | 101.8 (0.2) | 62.2 (0.2) | 9.8 (0.2) | 264.0 (1.7) | 3.5 (0.03) | Sideways |
| 59.9 (0.2) | 102.2 (0.4) | 63.8 (0.3) | 9.9 (0.2) | 266.6 (2.2) | 3.5 (0.03) | Axial | |
| 78.6 (0.2) | 123.4 (0.2) | 87.6 (0.4) | 11.3 (0.2) | 294.5 (2.6) | 4.2 (0.03) | Sideways | |
| 78.6 (0.3) | 123.4 (0.2) | 86.8 (0.2) | 11.4 (0.3) | 296.1 (2.2) | 4.2 (0.03) | Axial | |
| 94.7 (2.8) | 145.5 (2.8) | 110.6 (3.3) | 12.6 (0.4) | 315.8 (5.0) | 4.7 (0.09) | Sideways | |
| 98.3 (0.5) | 148.7 (0.4) | 113.9 (0.4) | 12.3 (0.3) | 319.9 (3.7) | 4.7 (0.04) | Axial | |
| 0.85 | 56.5 (0.2) | 101.2 (0.7) | 62.3 (0.6) | 9.6 (0.2) | 248.0 (2.9) | 3.5 (0.03) | Sideways |
| 58.4 (0.2) | 105.7 (0.3) | 65.1 (0.4) | 9.6 (0.1) | 261.7 (1.9) | 3.6 (0.03) | Axial | |
| 78.5 (0.3) | 128.2 (0.2) | 89.8 (0.2) | 12.3 (0.2) | 287.3 (3.4) | 4.3 (0.03) | Sideways | |
| 78.1(0.3) | 128.3 (0.7) | 91.0 (0.8) | 12.1 (0.3) | 291.0 (3.0) | 4.4 (0.04) | Axial | |
| 97.3 (0.5) | 153.9 (0.7) | 118.2 (0.4) | 12.9 (0.3) | 313.4 (4.9) | 5.0 (0.03) | Sideways | |
| 95.3 (0.3) | 150.3 (0.4) | 115.6 (0.2) | 13.5 (0.3) | 305.5 (3.9) | 5.0 (0.03) | Axial | |
| 1.50 | 56.0 (0.3) | 100.1 (0.2) | 58.4 (0.2) | 8.5 (0.2) | 264.7 (2.3) | 3.6 (0.03) | Sideways |
| 58.5 (0.3) | 101.3 (0.4) | 60.1 (0.3) | 10.0 (0.1) | 267.8 (1.5) | 3.7 (0.03) | Axial | |
| 78.1 (0.3) | 119.5 (0.3) | 81.9 (0.1) | 12.2 (0.3) | 297.8 (3.3) | 4.4 (0.03) | Sideways | |
| 78.2 (0.4) | 121.5 (0.2) | 82.7 (0.3) | 12.4 (0.2) | 302.0 (2.6) | 4.4 (0.03) | Axial | |
| 94.7 (1.0) | 145.5 (0.8) | 108.3 (1.2) | 14.9 (0.4) | 327.4 (3.3) | 5.1 (0.05) | Sideways | |
| 98.3 (0.4) | 146.3 (0.3) | 110.1 (0.5) | 14.6 (0.4) | 321.7 (3.7) | 5.1 (0.05) | Axial |
The standard deviation is given in parentheses.
HR: heart rate; rms: root-mean-square.
Figure 3:
Aortic and left ventricular pressures and trans-valvular pressure gradients for all measurements showing the ensemble-averaged heartbeats.
