Table 1. Open in new tab Characteristics...

	CACTI Study
Age, y	48 ± 10	43 ± 9	47 ± 6	45 ± 8
Diabetes duration, y	24 ± 8	23 ± 9	N/A	N/A
HbA1c, %	7.5 ± 0.8^b	7.6 ± 1.0^b	5.4 ± 0.4	5.5 ± 0.3
HbA1c, mmol/mol	58 ± 8.7^b	60 ± 10.9^b	36 ± 4.4	37 ± 3.3
Fasting glucose, mg/dL	124 ± 52	110 ± 18^a	100 ± 9	93 ± 6^c
Fasting insulin, μU/mL	27.4 ± 15.7	37.1 ± 38.3	10.5 ± 5.2	7.6 ± 2.2^c
Daily insulin dose, U/kg body weight	0.55 ± 0.14	0.59 ± 0.19	N/A	N/A
BMI, kg/m²	28.1 ± 4.2	25.1 ± 4.2^c	27.5 ± 3.7	25.3 ± 4.5
Weight category, %
Normal weight, BMI < 25 kg/m²	32	41	17	44
Overweight, BMI 25–29 kg/m²	26	47	61	48
Obese, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²	42	12	22	9
Waist circumference, cm	95.1 ± 9.1	81.5 ± 10.5^d	96.5 ± 10.6	79.4 ± 8.6^d
WHR	0.89 ± 0.04	0.80 ± 0.07^d	0.92 ± 0.05	0.79 ± 0.05^d
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	145 ± 31^a	132 ± 25^b	173 ± 29	172 ± 33
LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL	70 ± 25	64 ± 22^b	103 ± 28	95 ± 27^b
HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL	61 ± 30^a	53 ± 10	44 ± 9	59 ± 15^d
Triglycerides, mg/dL	70 ± 22^a	73 ± 46	132 ± 76	95 ± 27
Adiponectin, μg/mL	11.6 ± 5.4^a	13.1 ± 6.0	7.4 ± 4.3	11.1 ± 5.5^c
Systolic BP, mm Hg	118 ± 12	113 ± 9	118 ± 9	110 ± 10^c
DBP, mm Hg	75 ± 7^a	73 ± 7	82 ± 10	73 ± 7^c
Hypertension, % [n]	65 [12]^a,^c	29 [5]	22 [4]	13 [3]
Steady-state glucose concentration, mg/dL	4.9 ± 0.1	5.0 ± 0.2	5.0 ± 0.1	5.0 ± 0.1^c
Steady-state insulin concentration, μU/mL	723 ± 217	744 ± 304	612 ± 164	758 ± 217
GIR, mg/kg/FFM/min	5.3 ± 3.7^a	6.1 ± 3.5^b	9.5 ± 4.8	16.1 ± 4.3^d

CACTI Study

T1D (n = 36)

Nondiabetic Controls (n = 41)

Men (n = 19)

Women (n = 17)

Men (n = 18)

Women (n = 23)

Age, y

48 ± 10

43 ± 9

47 ± 6

45 ± 8

Diabetes duration, y

24 ± 8

23 ± 9

N/A

HbA1c, %

7.5 ± 0.8^b

7.6 ± 1.0^b

5.4 ± 0.4

5.5 ± 0.3

HbA1c, mmol/mol

58 ± 8.7^b

60 ± 10.9^b

36 ± 4.4

37 ± 3.3

Fasting glucose, mg/dL

124 ± 52

110 ± 18^a

100 ± 9

93 ± 6^c

Fasting insulin, μU/mL

27.4 ± 15.7

37.1 ± 38.3

10.5 ± 5.2

7.6 ± 2.2^c

Daily insulin dose, U/kg body weight

0.55 ± 0.14

0.59 ± 0.19

N/A

BMI, kg/m²

28.1 ± 4.2

25.1 ± 4.2^c

27.5 ± 3.7

25.3 ± 4.5

Weight category, %

Normal weight, BMI < 25 kg/m²

Overweight, BMI 25–29 kg/m²

Obese, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²

Waist circumference, cm

95.1 ± 9.1

81.5 ± 10.5^d

96.5 ± 10.6

79.4 ± 8.6^d

WHR

0.89 ± 0.04

0.80 ± 0.07^d

0.92 ± 0.05

0.79 ± 0.05^d

Total cholesterol, mg/dL

145 ± 31^a

132 ± 25^b

173 ± 29

172 ± 33

LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL

70 ± 25

64 ± 22^b

103 ± 28

95 ± 27^b

HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL

61 ± 30^a

53 ± 10

44 ± 9

59 ± 15^d

Triglycerides, mg/dL

70 ± 22^a

73 ± 46

132 ± 76

95 ± 27

Adiponectin, μg/mL

11.6 ± 5.4^a

13.1 ± 6.0

7.4 ± 4.3

11.1 ± 5.5^c

Systolic BP, mm Hg

118 ± 12

113 ± 9

118 ± 9

110 ± 10^c

DBP, mm Hg

75 ± 7^a

73 ± 7

82 ± 10

73 ± 7^c

Hypertension, % [n]

65 [12]^a,^c

29 [5]

22 [4]

13 [3]

Steady-state glucose concentration, mg/dL

4.9 ± 0.1

5.0 ± 0.2

5.0 ± 0.1

5.0 ± 0.1^c

Steady-state insulin concentration, μU/mL

723 ± 217

744 ± 304

612 ± 164

758 ± 217

GIR, mg/kg/FFM/min

5.3 ± 3.7^a

6.1 ± 3.5^b

9.5 ± 4.8

16.1 ± 4.3^d

	CACTI Study
Age, y	48 ± 10	43 ± 9	47 ± 6	45 ± 8
Diabetes duration, y	24 ± 8	23 ± 9	N/A	N/A
HbA1c, %	7.5 ± 0.8^b	7.6 ± 1.0^b	5.4 ± 0.4	5.5 ± 0.3
HbA1c, mmol/mol	58 ± 8.7^b	60 ± 10.9^b	36 ± 4.4	37 ± 3.3
Fasting glucose, mg/dL	124 ± 52	110 ± 18^a	100 ± 9	93 ± 6^c
Fasting insulin, μU/mL	27.4 ± 15.7	37.1 ± 38.3	10.5 ± 5.2	7.6 ± 2.2^c
Daily insulin dose, U/kg body weight	0.55 ± 0.14	0.59 ± 0.19	N/A	N/A
BMI, kg/m²	28.1 ± 4.2	25.1 ± 4.2^c	27.5 ± 3.7	25.3 ± 4.5
Weight category, %
Normal weight, BMI < 25 kg/m²	32	41	17	44
Overweight, BMI 25–29 kg/m²	26	47	61	48
Obese, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²	42	12	22	9
Waist circumference, cm	95.1 ± 9.1	81.5 ± 10.5^d	96.5 ± 10.6	79.4 ± 8.6^d
WHR	0.89 ± 0.04	0.80 ± 0.07^d	0.92 ± 0.05	0.79 ± 0.05^d
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	145 ± 31^a	132 ± 25^b	173 ± 29	172 ± 33
LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL	70 ± 25	64 ± 22^b	103 ± 28	95 ± 27^b
HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL	61 ± 30^a	53 ± 10	44 ± 9	59 ± 15^d
Triglycerides, mg/dL	70 ± 22^a	73 ± 46	132 ± 76	95 ± 27
Adiponectin, μg/mL	11.6 ± 5.4^a	13.1 ± 6.0	7.4 ± 4.3	11.1 ± 5.5^c
Systolic BP, mm Hg	118 ± 12	113 ± 9	118 ± 9	110 ± 10^c
DBP, mm Hg	75 ± 7^a	73 ± 7	82 ± 10	73 ± 7^c
Hypertension, % [n]	65 [12]^a,^c	29 [5]	22 [4]	13 [3]
Steady-state glucose concentration, mg/dL	4.9 ± 0.1	5.0 ± 0.2	5.0 ± 0.1	5.0 ± 0.1^c
Steady-state insulin concentration, μU/mL	723 ± 217	744 ± 304	612 ± 164	758 ± 217
GIR, mg/kg/FFM/min	5.3 ± 3.7^a	6.1 ± 3.5^b	9.5 ± 4.8	16.1 ± 4.3^d

Table 1.

Open in new tab

Characteristics of CACTI Study Participants

	CACTI Study
	T1D (n = 36)		Nondiabetic Controls (n = 41)
	Men (n = 19)	Women (n = 17)	Men (n = 18)	Women (n = 23)
Age, y	48 ± 10	43 ± 9	47 ± 6	45 ± 8
Diabetes duration, y	24 ± 8	23 ± 9	N/A	N/A
HbA1c, %	7.5 ± 0.8^b	7.6 ± 1.0^b	5.4 ± 0.4	5.5 ± 0.3
HbA1c, mmol/mol	58 ± 8.7^b	60 ± 10.9^b	36 ± 4.4	37 ± 3.3
Fasting glucose, mg/dL	124 ± 52	110 ± 18^a	100 ± 9	93 ± 6^c
Fasting insulin, μU/mL	27.4 ± 15.7	37.1 ± 38.3	10.5 ± 5.2	7.6 ± 2.2^c
Daily insulin dose, U/kg body weight	0.55 ± 0.14	0.59 ± 0.19	N/A	N/A
BMI, kg/m²	28.1 ± 4.2	25.1 ± 4.2^c	27.5 ± 3.7	25.3 ± 4.5
Weight category, %
Normal weight, BMI < 25 kg/m²	32	41	17	44
Overweight, BMI 25–29 kg/m²	26	47	61	48
Obese, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²	42	12	22	9
Waist circumference, cm	95.1 ± 9.1	81.5 ± 10.5^d	96.5 ± 10.6	79.4 ± 8.6^d
WHR	0.89 ± 0.04	0.80 ± 0.07^d	0.92 ± 0.05	0.79 ± 0.05^d
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	145 ± 31^a	132 ± 25^b	173 ± 29	172 ± 33
LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL	70 ± 25	64 ± 22^b	103 ± 28	95 ± 27^b
HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL	61 ± 30^a	53 ± 10	44 ± 9	59 ± 15^d
Triglycerides, mg/dL	70 ± 22^a	73 ± 46	132 ± 76	95 ± 27
Adiponectin, μg/mL	11.6 ± 5.4^a	13.1 ± 6.0	7.4 ± 4.3	11.1 ± 5.5^c
Systolic BP, mm Hg	118 ± 12	113 ± 9	118 ± 9	110 ± 10^c
DBP, mm Hg	75 ± 7^a	73 ± 7	82 ± 10	73 ± 7^c
Hypertension, % [n]	65 [12]^a,^c	29 [5]	22 [4]	13 [3]
Steady-state glucose concentration, mg/dL	4.9 ± 0.1	5.0 ± 0.2	5.0 ± 0.1	5.0 ± 0.1^c
Steady-state insulin concentration, μU/mL	723 ± 217	744 ± 304	612 ± 164	758 ± 217
GIR, mg/kg/FFM/min	5.3 ± 3.7^a	6.1 ± 3.5^b	9.5 ± 4.8	16.1 ± 4.3^d

	CACTI Study
	T1D (n = 36)		Nondiabetic Controls (n = 41)
	Men (n = 19)	Women (n = 17)	Men (n = 18)	Women (n = 23)
Age, y	48 ± 10	43 ± 9	47 ± 6	45 ± 8
Diabetes duration, y	24 ± 8	23 ± 9	N/A	N/A
HbA1c, %	7.5 ± 0.8^b	7.6 ± 1.0^b	5.4 ± 0.4	5.5 ± 0.3
HbA1c, mmol/mol	58 ± 8.7^b	60 ± 10.9^b	36 ± 4.4	37 ± 3.3
Fasting glucose, mg/dL	124 ± 52	110 ± 18^a	100 ± 9	93 ± 6^c
Fasting insulin, μU/mL	27.4 ± 15.7	37.1 ± 38.3	10.5 ± 5.2	7.6 ± 2.2^c
Daily insulin dose, U/kg body weight	0.55 ± 0.14	0.59 ± 0.19	N/A	N/A
BMI, kg/m²	28.1 ± 4.2	25.1 ± 4.2^c	27.5 ± 3.7	25.3 ± 4.5
Weight category, %
Normal weight, BMI < 25 kg/m²	32	41	17	44
Overweight, BMI 25–29 kg/m²	26	47	61	48
Obese, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²	42	12	22	9
Waist circumference, cm	95.1 ± 9.1	81.5 ± 10.5^d	96.5 ± 10.6	79.4 ± 8.6^d
WHR	0.89 ± 0.04	0.80 ± 0.07^d	0.92 ± 0.05	0.79 ± 0.05^d
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	145 ± 31^a	132 ± 25^b	173 ± 29	172 ± 33
LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL	70 ± 25	64 ± 22^b	103 ± 28	95 ± 27^b
HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL	61 ± 30^a	53 ± 10	44 ± 9	59 ± 15^d
Triglycerides, mg/dL	70 ± 22^a	73 ± 46	132 ± 76	95 ± 27
Adiponectin, μg/mL	11.6 ± 5.4^a	13.1 ± 6.0	7.4 ± 4.3	11.1 ± 5.5^c
Systolic BP, mm Hg	118 ± 12	113 ± 9	118 ± 9	110 ± 10^c
DBP, mm Hg	75 ± 7^a	73 ± 7	82 ± 10	73 ± 7^c
Hypertension, % [n]	65 [12]^a,^c	29 [5]	22 [4]	13 [3]
Steady-state glucose concentration, mg/dL	4.9 ± 0.1	5.0 ± 0.2	5.0 ± 0.1	5.0 ± 0.1^c
Steady-state insulin concentration, μU/mL	723 ± 217	744 ± 304	612 ± 164	758 ± 217
GIR, mg/kg/FFM/min	5.3 ± 3.7^a	6.1 ± 3.5^b	9.5 ± 4.8	16.1 ± 4.3^d

Abbreviation: N/A, not available.

Data are presented as mean ± SD, unless stated otherwise.

P < .05,

P < .001 for comparison by diabetes status within gender.

P < .05,

P < .001 for comparison by gender within diabetes group.

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