| Baseline Characteristics . | No Hypoglycemia (n = 8888) . | Hypoglycemia (n = 285) . | P Value . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y), median/mean (SD) | 60.63/60.67 | (14.30) | 59.40/58.76 | (15.50) | .03 |
| Women, n (%) | 4565 | (51.36) | 170 | (59.65) | .01 |
| Non-White race/ethnicity, n (%) | 2605 | (29.55) | 102 | (35.92) | .02 |
| < High school education, n (%) | 1267 | (18.52) | 39 | (18.84) | .91 |
| Diabetes duration, median/mean years (SD) | 3.70/3.30 | (1.82) | 4.57/3.94 | (1.60) | <.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 5030 | (56.59) | 144 | (50.53) | .04 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 5557 | (62.52) | 157 | (55.09) | .01 |
| Microvascular disease, n (%) | 1583 | (17.81) | 133 | (46.67) | <.001 |
| Renal failure, n (%) | 452 | (5.09) | 49 | (15.79) | <.001 |
| Neuropathy, n (%) | 1221 | (13.74) | 106 | (37.19) | <.001 |
| Retinopathy, n (%) | 440 | (4.95) | 61 | (21.40) | <.001 |
| Dysrhythmia, n (%) | 1541 | (17.34) | 63 | (22.11) | .04 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 371 | (4.17) | 15 | (5.26) | .37 |
| Peripheral vascular disease, n (%) | 317 | (3.57) | 11 | (3.86) | .79 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 459 | (5.16) | 22 | (7.72) | .06 |
| Dementia, n (%) | 370 | (4.16) | 15 | (5.26) | .36 |
| Insulin, n (%) | 2361 | (26.56) | 166 | (58.25) | <.001 |
| Sulfonylurea, n (%) | 2979 | (33.52) | 94 | (32.98) | .85 |
| ≥3 noninsulin antidiabetic agents, n (%) | 593 | (6.67) | 24 | (8.42) | .25 |
| Medication count, median/mean (SD) | 6.00/7.24 | (6.24) | 8.00/9.59 | (7.81) | <.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2), median/mean (SD) | 30.61/31.82 | (7.51) | 28.58/30.39 | (7.89) | .004 |
| eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2), median/mean (SD) | 74.69/74.25 | (24.33) | 71.98/69.62 | (27.32) | .002 |
| LDL (mg/dL), median/mean (SD) | 88.00/92.06 | (33.52) | 78.00/83.20 | (31.35) | <.001 |
| HDL (mg/dL), median/mean (SD) | 49.00/51.29 | (15.77) | 53.00/57.44 | (20.08) | <.001 |
| HbA1c (%), median/mean (SD) | 7.20/7.66 | (1.62) | 7.50/7.95 | (1.89) | .01 |
| Hospitalization, n (%) | 1691 | (19.03) | 85 | (29.82) | <.001 |
| ≥5% weight loss within a year | 494 | (10.21) | 21 | (11.89) | .476 |
| ≥2 HbA1c measurements/year, n (%) | 4573 | (52.22) | 182 | (64.08) | <.001 |
| Baseline Characteristics . | No Hypoglycemia (n = 8888) . | Hypoglycemia (n = 285) . | P Value . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y), median/mean (SD) | 60.63/60.67 | (14.30) | 59.40/58.76 | (15.50) | .03 |
| Women, n (%) | 4565 | (51.36) | 170 | (59.65) | .01 |
| Non-White race/ethnicity, n (%) | 2605 | (29.55) | 102 | (35.92) | .02 |
| < High school education, n (%) | 1267 | (18.52) | 39 | (18.84) | .91 |
| Diabetes duration, median/mean years (SD) | 3.70/3.30 | (1.82) | 4.57/3.94 | (1.60) | <.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 5030 | (56.59) | 144 | (50.53) | .04 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 5557 | (62.52) | 157 | (55.09) | .01 |
| Microvascular disease, n (%) | 1583 | (17.81) | 133 | (46.67) | <.001 |
| Renal failure, n (%) | 452 | (5.09) | 49 | (15.79) | <.001 |
| Neuropathy, n (%) | 1221 | (13.74) | 106 | (37.19) | <.001 |
| Retinopathy, n (%) | 440 | (4.95) | 61 | (21.40) | <.001 |
| Dysrhythmia, n (%) | 1541 | (17.34) | 63 | (22.11) | .04 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 371 | (4.17) | 15 | (5.26) | .37 |
| Peripheral vascular disease, n (%) | 317 | (3.57) | 11 | (3.86) | .79 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 459 | (5.16) | 22 | (7.72) | .06 |
| Dementia, n (%) | 370 | (4.16) | 15 | (5.26) | .36 |
| Insulin, n (%) | 2361 | (26.56) | 166 | (58.25) | <.001 |
| Sulfonylurea, n (%) | 2979 | (33.52) | 94 | (32.98) | .85 |
| ≥3 noninsulin antidiabetic agents, n (%) | 593 | (6.67) | 24 | (8.42) | .25 |
| Medication count, median/mean (SD) | 6.00/7.24 | (6.24) | 8.00/9.59 | (7.81) | <.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2), median/mean (SD) | 30.61/31.82 | (7.51) | 28.58/30.39 | (7.89) | .004 |
| eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2), median/mean (SD) | 74.69/74.25 | (24.33) | 71.98/69.62 | (27.32) | .002 |
| LDL (mg/dL), median/mean (SD) | 88.00/92.06 | (33.52) | 78.00/83.20 | (31.35) | <.001 |
| HDL (mg/dL), median/mean (SD) | 49.00/51.29 | (15.77) | 53.00/57.44 | (20.08) | <.001 |
| HbA1c (%), median/mean (SD) | 7.20/7.66 | (1.62) | 7.50/7.95 | (1.89) | .01 |
| Hospitalization, n (%) | 1691 | (19.03) | 85 | (29.82) | <.001 |
| ≥5% weight loss within a year | 494 | (10.21) | 21 | (11.89) | .476 |
| ≥2 HbA1c measurements/year, n (%) | 4573 | (52.22) | 182 | (64.08) | <.001 |
Hypoglycemia, hypoglyemic event between 2000 and 2005, inclusive. Baseline comorbidities were identified between 2000 and 2005, inclusive. Medication exposures were defined as any physician prescription between 2000 and 2005, inclusive. Medication count: total number of chronic medication exposures between 2000 and 2005, inclusive. Three or more noninsulin antidiabetic agents: exposure to 3 or more classes of noninsulin antidiabetic agents between 2000 and 2005, inclusive. Two or more HbA1c measurements per year hospitalization: 1 or more hospitalizations in 2004–2005. Two or more HbA1c measurements/year: 2 or more HbA1c measurements per year, on average, after diabetes diagnosis. Proportion of missing values was less than 25% for any single variable, except more than 5% weight loss within a year where 45% of values were missing (Supplemental Table 2).
| Baseline Characteristics . | No Hypoglycemia (n = 8888) . | Hypoglycemia (n = 285) . | P Value . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y), median/mean (SD) | 60.63/60.67 | (14.30) | 59.40/58.76 | (15.50) | .03 |
| Women, n (%) | 4565 | (51.36) | 170 | (59.65) | .01 |
| Non-White race/ethnicity, n (%) | 2605 | (29.55) | 102 | (35.92) | .02 |
| < High school education, n (%) | 1267 | (18.52) | 39 | (18.84) | .91 |
| Diabetes duration, median/mean years (SD) | 3.70/3.30 | (1.82) | 4.57/3.94 | (1.60) | <.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 5030 | (56.59) | 144 | (50.53) | .04 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 5557 | (62.52) | 157 | (55.09) | .01 |
| Microvascular disease, n (%) | 1583 | (17.81) | 133 | (46.67) | <.001 |
| Renal failure, n (%) | 452 | (5.09) | 49 | (15.79) | <.001 |
| Neuropathy, n (%) | 1221 | (13.74) | 106 | (37.19) | <.001 |
| Retinopathy, n (%) | 440 | (4.95) | 61 | (21.40) | <.001 |
| Dysrhythmia, n (%) | 1541 | (17.34) | 63 | (22.11) | .04 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 371 | (4.17) | 15 | (5.26) | .37 |
| Peripheral vascular disease, n (%) | 317 | (3.57) | 11 | (3.86) | .79 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 459 | (5.16) | 22 | (7.72) | .06 |
| Dementia, n (%) | 370 | (4.16) | 15 | (5.26) | .36 |
| Insulin, n (%) | 2361 | (26.56) | 166 | (58.25) | <.001 |
| Sulfonylurea, n (%) | 2979 | (33.52) | 94 | (32.98) | .85 |
| ≥3 noninsulin antidiabetic agents, n (%) | 593 | (6.67) | 24 | (8.42) | .25 |
| Medication count, median/mean (SD) | 6.00/7.24 | (6.24) | 8.00/9.59 | (7.81) | <.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2), median/mean (SD) | 30.61/31.82 | (7.51) | 28.58/30.39 | (7.89) | .004 |
| eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2), median/mean (SD) | 74.69/74.25 | (24.33) | 71.98/69.62 | (27.32) | .002 |
| LDL (mg/dL), median/mean (SD) | 88.00/92.06 | (33.52) | 78.00/83.20 | (31.35) | <.001 |
| HDL (mg/dL), median/mean (SD) | 49.00/51.29 | (15.77) | 53.00/57.44 | (20.08) | <.001 |
| HbA1c (%), median/mean (SD) | 7.20/7.66 | (1.62) | 7.50/7.95 | (1.89) | .01 |
| Hospitalization, n (%) | 1691 | (19.03) | 85 | (29.82) | <.001 |
| ≥5% weight loss within a year | 494 | (10.21) | 21 | (11.89) | .476 |
| ≥2 HbA1c measurements/year, n (%) | 4573 | (52.22) | 182 | (64.08) | <.001 |
| Baseline Characteristics . | No Hypoglycemia (n = 8888) . | Hypoglycemia (n = 285) . | P Value . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y), median/mean (SD) | 60.63/60.67 | (14.30) | 59.40/58.76 | (15.50) | .03 |
| Women, n (%) | 4565 | (51.36) | 170 | (59.65) | .01 |
| Non-White race/ethnicity, n (%) | 2605 | (29.55) | 102 | (35.92) | .02 |
| < High school education, n (%) | 1267 | (18.52) | 39 | (18.84) | .91 |
| Diabetes duration, median/mean years (SD) | 3.70/3.30 | (1.82) | 4.57/3.94 | (1.60) | <.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 5030 | (56.59) | 144 | (50.53) | .04 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 5557 | (62.52) | 157 | (55.09) | .01 |
| Microvascular disease, n (%) | 1583 | (17.81) | 133 | (46.67) | <.001 |
| Renal failure, n (%) | 452 | (5.09) | 49 | (15.79) | <.001 |
| Neuropathy, n (%) | 1221 | (13.74) | 106 | (37.19) | <.001 |
| Retinopathy, n (%) | 440 | (4.95) | 61 | (21.40) | <.001 |
| Dysrhythmia, n (%) | 1541 | (17.34) | 63 | (22.11) | .04 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 371 | (4.17) | 15 | (5.26) | .37 |
| Peripheral vascular disease, n (%) | 317 | (3.57) | 11 | (3.86) | .79 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 459 | (5.16) | 22 | (7.72) | .06 |
| Dementia, n (%) | 370 | (4.16) | 15 | (5.26) | .36 |
| Insulin, n (%) | 2361 | (26.56) | 166 | (58.25) | <.001 |
| Sulfonylurea, n (%) | 2979 | (33.52) | 94 | (32.98) | .85 |
| ≥3 noninsulin antidiabetic agents, n (%) | 593 | (6.67) | 24 | (8.42) | .25 |
| Medication count, median/mean (SD) | 6.00/7.24 | (6.24) | 8.00/9.59 | (7.81) | <.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2), median/mean (SD) | 30.61/31.82 | (7.51) | 28.58/30.39 | (7.89) | .004 |
| eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2), median/mean (SD) | 74.69/74.25 | (24.33) | 71.98/69.62 | (27.32) | .002 |
| LDL (mg/dL), median/mean (SD) | 88.00/92.06 | (33.52) | 78.00/83.20 | (31.35) | <.001 |
| HDL (mg/dL), median/mean (SD) | 49.00/51.29 | (15.77) | 53.00/57.44 | (20.08) | <.001 |
| HbA1c (%), median/mean (SD) | 7.20/7.66 | (1.62) | 7.50/7.95 | (1.89) | .01 |
| Hospitalization, n (%) | 1691 | (19.03) | 85 | (29.82) | <.001 |
| ≥5% weight loss within a year | 494 | (10.21) | 21 | (11.89) | .476 |
| ≥2 HbA1c measurements/year, n (%) | 4573 | (52.22) | 182 | (64.08) | <.001 |
Hypoglycemia, hypoglyemic event between 2000 and 2005, inclusive. Baseline comorbidities were identified between 2000 and 2005, inclusive. Medication exposures were defined as any physician prescription between 2000 and 2005, inclusive. Medication count: total number of chronic medication exposures between 2000 and 2005, inclusive. Three or more noninsulin antidiabetic agents: exposure to 3 or more classes of noninsulin antidiabetic agents between 2000 and 2005, inclusive. Two or more HbA1c measurements per year hospitalization: 1 or more hospitalizations in 2004–2005. Two or more HbA1c measurements/year: 2 or more HbA1c measurements per year, on average, after diabetes diagnosis. Proportion of missing values was less than 25% for any single variable, except more than 5% weight loss within a year where 45% of values were missing (Supplemental Table 2).
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