a suite of biotic and abiotic traits were measured and compared using paired t-tests (df = 14) between deer browsed and unbrowsed plots in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA
| Variables . | Unbrowsed plots mean ± SD . | Browsed plots mean ± SD . | t-value . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Site variables | ||||
| Soil gravimetric water content | 0.31±0.12 | 0.31±0.14 | −0.27 | 0.791 |
| Soil pH | 4.70±0.86 | 4.80±0.79 | 0.56 | 0.585 |
| Overhead canopy cover (%) | 87.73±10.94 | 82.97±5.66 | −1.167 | 0.117 |
| Total soil nitrogen (%) | 0.42±0.19 | 0.38±0.18 | −1.76 | 0.100 |
| Total soil carbon (%) | 5.63±2.31 | 4.95±2.50 | −1.47 | 0.165 |
| Woody species | ||||
| Abundance | 17.27±20.59 | 5.53±5.97 | −2.88 | 0.012 |
| Richness | 4.2±1.93 | 3.07±1.75 | −2.54 | 0.023 |
| Cover (%) | 46.4±29.68 | 2.37±2.39 | −5.81 | <0.0001 |
| Graminoid species | ||||
| Abundance | 48.87±120.66 | 153.5±103.06 | 6.95 | <0.0001 |
| Richness | 1.47±0.64 | 2.87±1.60 | 4.37 | 0.0006 |
| Cover (%) | 13.84±25.35 | 48.14±23.86 | 6.22 | <0.0001 |
| Herbaceous species | ||||
| Abundance | 7.93±11.30 | 4.5±5.86 | −1.173 | 0.261 |
| Richness | 2.47±2.3 | 2.6±2.35 | 0.2864 | 0.779 |
| Cover (%) | 3.09±4.58 | 2.51±5.68 | −1.023 | 0.323 |
| Total species | ||||
| Abundance | 80.53±117.53 | 164.43±101.92 | 5.96 | <0.0001 |
| Richness | 8.13±3.48 | 8.67±4.20 | 0.586 | 0.567 |
| Cover (%) | 62.5±30.13 | 54.07±25.08 | −1.023 | 0.323 |
| Diversity (Inverse Simpson’s) | 0.59±0.24 | 0.35±0.18 | −3.57 | 0.003 |
| Variables . | Unbrowsed plots mean ± SD . | Browsed plots mean ± SD . | t-value . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Site variables | ||||
| Soil gravimetric water content | 0.31±0.12 | 0.31±0.14 | −0.27 | 0.791 |
| Soil pH | 4.70±0.86 | 4.80±0.79 | 0.56 | 0.585 |
| Overhead canopy cover (%) | 87.73±10.94 | 82.97±5.66 | −1.167 | 0.117 |
| Total soil nitrogen (%) | 0.42±0.19 | 0.38±0.18 | −1.76 | 0.100 |
| Total soil carbon (%) | 5.63±2.31 | 4.95±2.50 | −1.47 | 0.165 |
| Woody species | ||||
| Abundance | 17.27±20.59 | 5.53±5.97 | −2.88 | 0.012 |
| Richness | 4.2±1.93 | 3.07±1.75 | −2.54 | 0.023 |
| Cover (%) | 46.4±29.68 | 2.37±2.39 | −5.81 | <0.0001 |
| Graminoid species | ||||
| Abundance | 48.87±120.66 | 153.5±103.06 | 6.95 | <0.0001 |
| Richness | 1.47±0.64 | 2.87±1.60 | 4.37 | 0.0006 |
| Cover (%) | 13.84±25.35 | 48.14±23.86 | 6.22 | <0.0001 |
| Herbaceous species | ||||
| Abundance | 7.93±11.30 | 4.5±5.86 | −1.173 | 0.261 |
| Richness | 2.47±2.3 | 2.6±2.35 | 0.2864 | 0.779 |
| Cover (%) | 3.09±4.58 | 2.51±5.68 | −1.023 | 0.323 |
| Total species | ||||
| Abundance | 80.53±117.53 | 164.43±101.92 | 5.96 | <0.0001 |
| Richness | 8.13±3.48 | 8.67±4.20 | 0.586 | 0.567 |
| Cover (%) | 62.5±30.13 | 54.07±25.08 | −1.023 | 0.323 |
| Diversity (Inverse Simpson’s) | 0.59±0.24 | 0.35±0.18 | −3.57 | 0.003 |
a suite of biotic and abiotic traits were measured and compared using paired t-tests (df = 14) between deer browsed and unbrowsed plots in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA
| Variables . | Unbrowsed plots mean ± SD . | Browsed plots mean ± SD . | t-value . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Site variables | ||||
| Soil gravimetric water content | 0.31±0.12 | 0.31±0.14 | −0.27 | 0.791 |
| Soil pH | 4.70±0.86 | 4.80±0.79 | 0.56 | 0.585 |
| Overhead canopy cover (%) | 87.73±10.94 | 82.97±5.66 | −1.167 | 0.117 |
| Total soil nitrogen (%) | 0.42±0.19 | 0.38±0.18 | −1.76 | 0.100 |
| Total soil carbon (%) | 5.63±2.31 | 4.95±2.50 | −1.47 | 0.165 |
| Woody species | ||||
| Abundance | 17.27±20.59 | 5.53±5.97 | −2.88 | 0.012 |
| Richness | 4.2±1.93 | 3.07±1.75 | −2.54 | 0.023 |
| Cover (%) | 46.4±29.68 | 2.37±2.39 | −5.81 | <0.0001 |
| Graminoid species | ||||
| Abundance | 48.87±120.66 | 153.5±103.06 | 6.95 | <0.0001 |
| Richness | 1.47±0.64 | 2.87±1.60 | 4.37 | 0.0006 |
| Cover (%) | 13.84±25.35 | 48.14±23.86 | 6.22 | <0.0001 |
| Herbaceous species | ||||
| Abundance | 7.93±11.30 | 4.5±5.86 | −1.173 | 0.261 |
| Richness | 2.47±2.3 | 2.6±2.35 | 0.2864 | 0.779 |
| Cover (%) | 3.09±4.58 | 2.51±5.68 | −1.023 | 0.323 |
| Total species | ||||
| Abundance | 80.53±117.53 | 164.43±101.92 | 5.96 | <0.0001 |
| Richness | 8.13±3.48 | 8.67±4.20 | 0.586 | 0.567 |
| Cover (%) | 62.5±30.13 | 54.07±25.08 | −1.023 | 0.323 |
| Diversity (Inverse Simpson’s) | 0.59±0.24 | 0.35±0.18 | −3.57 | 0.003 |
| Variables . | Unbrowsed plots mean ± SD . | Browsed plots mean ± SD . | t-value . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Site variables | ||||
| Soil gravimetric water content | 0.31±0.12 | 0.31±0.14 | −0.27 | 0.791 |
| Soil pH | 4.70±0.86 | 4.80±0.79 | 0.56 | 0.585 |
| Overhead canopy cover (%) | 87.73±10.94 | 82.97±5.66 | −1.167 | 0.117 |
| Total soil nitrogen (%) | 0.42±0.19 | 0.38±0.18 | −1.76 | 0.100 |
| Total soil carbon (%) | 5.63±2.31 | 4.95±2.50 | −1.47 | 0.165 |
| Woody species | ||||
| Abundance | 17.27±20.59 | 5.53±5.97 | −2.88 | 0.012 |
| Richness | 4.2±1.93 | 3.07±1.75 | −2.54 | 0.023 |
| Cover (%) | 46.4±29.68 | 2.37±2.39 | −5.81 | <0.0001 |
| Graminoid species | ||||
| Abundance | 48.87±120.66 | 153.5±103.06 | 6.95 | <0.0001 |
| Richness | 1.47±0.64 | 2.87±1.60 | 4.37 | 0.0006 |
| Cover (%) | 13.84±25.35 | 48.14±23.86 | 6.22 | <0.0001 |
| Herbaceous species | ||||
| Abundance | 7.93±11.30 | 4.5±5.86 | −1.173 | 0.261 |
| Richness | 2.47±2.3 | 2.6±2.35 | 0.2864 | 0.779 |
| Cover (%) | 3.09±4.58 | 2.51±5.68 | −1.023 | 0.323 |
| Total species | ||||
| Abundance | 80.53±117.53 | 164.43±101.92 | 5.96 | <0.0001 |
| Richness | 8.13±3.48 | 8.67±4.20 | 0.586 | 0.567 |
| Cover (%) | 62.5±30.13 | 54.07±25.08 | −1.023 | 0.323 |
| Diversity (Inverse Simpson’s) | 0.59±0.24 | 0.35±0.18 | −3.57 | 0.003 |
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