Multilevel regression results testing the contribution of fear of racial/religious racism and expected organizational discrimination to ethnic inequalities in LLTI, and the moderating effects of socio-demographic factors
| . | Step 1 . | Step 2 . | Step 3a . | Step 3b . | Step 4a . | Step 4b . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | . | Fear racism . | Organizational discrimination . | Fear of racism . | Organizational Discrimination . |
| . | Coeff. (95% CI) . | Coeff (95% CI) . | Coeff (95% CI) . | Coeff (95% CI) . | Coeff (95% CI) . | Coeff (95% CI) . |
| Intercept | −3.98 (−4.22 to −3.75)† | −4.07 (−4.31 to −3.82)† | −4.07 (−4.32 to −3.82)† | −4.28 (−4.54 to −4.02)† | −4.03 (−4.30 to −3.77)† | −4.31 (−4.62 to −4.01)† |
| Age | 0.05 (0.05 to 0.05)† | 0.05 (0.05 to 0.05)† | 0.05 (0.05 to 0.05)† | 0.05 (0.05 to 0.05)† | 0.05 (0.05 to 0.05)† | 0.05 (0.05 to 0.06)† |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Female | −0.04 (−0.14 to 0.05) | −0.14 (−0.24 to −0.04)† | −0.16 (−0.26 to −0.06)† | −0.13 (−0.23 to −0.03)** | −0.15 (−0.26 to −0.04)** | −0.18 (−0.30 to −0.06)† |
| Ethnic group | ||||||
| White | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Indian | −0.07 (−0.26 to 0.11) | −0.18 (−0.37 to 0.01) | −0.25 (−0.45 to −0.05)** | −0.19 (−0.38 to 0.00) | −0.25 (−0.44 to −0.05)** | −0.19 (−0.39 to −0.00)* |
| Pakistani | 0.28 (0.04 to 0.52)* | 0.05 (−0.20 to 0.30) | −0.04 (−0.30 to 0.22) | 0.04 (−0.21 to 0.30) | −0.02 (−0.28 to 0.24) | 0.04 (−0.21 to 0.29) |
| Bangladeshi | 0.42 (0.03 to 0.81)* | 0.16 (−0.24 to 0.56) | 0.09 (−0.31 to 0.50) | 0.18 (−0.22 to 0.58) | 0.10 (−0.30 to 0.51) | 0.17 (−0.23 to 0.57) |
| Black Caribbean | 0.30 (0.10 to 0.50)† | 0.27 (0.07 to 0.47)** | 0.23 (0.03 to 0.43)* | 0.23 (0.03 to 0.42)* | 0.23 (0.03 to 0.43)* | 0.21 (0.01 to 0.41)* |
| Black African | −0.16 (−0.42 to 0.11) | −0.24 (−0.51 to 0.03) | −0.31 (−0.59 to −0.04)* | −0.29 (−0.56 to −0.01)* | −0.30 (−0.58 to −0.02)* | −0.29 (−0.57 to −0.03)* |
| SEP | ||||||
| Higher/lower management | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Intermediate and small employers | 0.38 (0.25 to 0.50)† | 0.39 (0.26 to 0.51)† | 0.38 (0.26 to 0.51)† | 0.39 (0.26 to 0.53)† | 0.43 (0.28 to 0.59)† | |
| Semi-routine and routine | 0.53 (0.40 to 0.65)† | 0.51 (0.38 to 0.64)† | 0.53 (0.40 to 0.66)† | 0.47 (0.33 to 0.62)† | 0.59 (0.43 to 0.75)† | |
| Never worked, long-term unemployed | 1.05 (0.84 to 1.25)† | 1.03 (0.82 to 1.23)† | 1.07 (0.87 to 1.27)† | 1.02 (0.78 to 1.26)† | 1.14 (0.89 to 1.38)† | |
| Racism | 0.24 (0.11 to 0.37)† | 0.30 (0.20 to 0.41)† | 0.00 (−0.00 to 0.01) | 0.41 (−0.07 to 0.89) | ||
| Racism*age | 0.02 (−0.59 to 0.62) | −0.00 (−0.01 to 0.00) | ||||
| Racism*gender (female) | −0.04 (−0.29 to 0.21) | 0.13 (−0.07 to 0.34) | ||||
| Racism*SEP(II) | −0.03 (−0.40 to 0.33) | −0.14 (−0.40 to 0.13) | ||||
| Racism*SEP(III) | 0.18 (−0.16 to 0.52) | −0.17 (−0.43 to 0.09) | ||||
| Racism*SEP(IV) | 0.06 (−0.39 to 0.52) | −0.20 (−0.62 to 0.22) |
| . | Step 1 . | Step 2 . | Step 3a . | Step 3b . | Step 4a . | Step 4b . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | . | Fear racism . | Organizational discrimination . | Fear of racism . | Organizational Discrimination . |
| . | Coeff. (95% CI) . | Coeff (95% CI) . | Coeff (95% CI) . | Coeff (95% CI) . | Coeff (95% CI) . | Coeff (95% CI) . |
| Intercept | −3.98 (−4.22 to −3.75)† | −4.07 (−4.31 to −3.82)† | −4.07 (−4.32 to −3.82)† | −4.28 (−4.54 to −4.02)† | −4.03 (−4.30 to −3.77)† | −4.31 (−4.62 to −4.01)† |
| Age | 0.05 (0.05 to 0.05)† | 0.05 (0.05 to 0.05)† | 0.05 (0.05 to 0.05)† | 0.05 (0.05 to 0.05)† | 0.05 (0.05 to 0.05)† | 0.05 (0.05 to 0.06)† |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Female | −0.04 (−0.14 to 0.05) | −0.14 (−0.24 to −0.04)† | −0.16 (−0.26 to −0.06)† | −0.13 (−0.23 to −0.03)** | −0.15 (−0.26 to −0.04)** | −0.18 (−0.30 to −0.06)† |
| Ethnic group | ||||||
| White | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Indian | −0.07 (−0.26 to 0.11) | −0.18 (−0.37 to 0.01) | −0.25 (−0.45 to −0.05)** | −0.19 (−0.38 to 0.00) | −0.25 (−0.44 to −0.05)** | −0.19 (−0.39 to −0.00)* |
| Pakistani | 0.28 (0.04 to 0.52)* | 0.05 (−0.20 to 0.30) | −0.04 (−0.30 to 0.22) | 0.04 (−0.21 to 0.30) | −0.02 (−0.28 to 0.24) | 0.04 (−0.21 to 0.29) |
| Bangladeshi | 0.42 (0.03 to 0.81)* | 0.16 (−0.24 to 0.56) | 0.09 (−0.31 to 0.50) | 0.18 (−0.22 to 0.58) | 0.10 (−0.30 to 0.51) | 0.17 (−0.23 to 0.57) |
| Black Caribbean | 0.30 (0.10 to 0.50)† | 0.27 (0.07 to 0.47)** | 0.23 (0.03 to 0.43)* | 0.23 (0.03 to 0.42)* | 0.23 (0.03 to 0.43)* | 0.21 (0.01 to 0.41)* |
| Black African | −0.16 (−0.42 to 0.11) | −0.24 (−0.51 to 0.03) | −0.31 (−0.59 to −0.04)* | −0.29 (−0.56 to −0.01)* | −0.30 (−0.58 to −0.02)* | −0.29 (−0.57 to −0.03)* |
| SEP | ||||||
| Higher/lower management | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Intermediate and small employers | 0.38 (0.25 to 0.50)† | 0.39 (0.26 to 0.51)† | 0.38 (0.26 to 0.51)† | 0.39 (0.26 to 0.53)† | 0.43 (0.28 to 0.59)† | |
| Semi-routine and routine | 0.53 (0.40 to 0.65)† | 0.51 (0.38 to 0.64)† | 0.53 (0.40 to 0.66)† | 0.47 (0.33 to 0.62)† | 0.59 (0.43 to 0.75)† | |
| Never worked, long-term unemployed | 1.05 (0.84 to 1.25)† | 1.03 (0.82 to 1.23)† | 1.07 (0.87 to 1.27)† | 1.02 (0.78 to 1.26)† | 1.14 (0.89 to 1.38)† | |
| Racism | 0.24 (0.11 to 0.37)† | 0.30 (0.20 to 0.41)† | 0.00 (−0.00 to 0.01) | 0.41 (−0.07 to 0.89) | ||
| Racism*age | 0.02 (−0.59 to 0.62) | −0.00 (−0.01 to 0.00) | ||||
| Racism*gender (female) | −0.04 (−0.29 to 0.21) | 0.13 (−0.07 to 0.34) | ||||
| Racism*SEP(II) | −0.03 (−0.40 to 0.33) | −0.14 (−0.40 to 0.13) | ||||
| Racism*SEP(III) | 0.18 (−0.16 to 0.52) | −0.17 (−0.43 to 0.09) | ||||
| Racism*SEP(IV) | 0.06 (−0.39 to 0.52) | −0.20 (−0.62 to 0.22) |
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, †P < 0.001
Multilevel regression results testing the contribution of fear of racial/religious racism and expected organizational discrimination to ethnic inequalities in LLTI, and the moderating effects of socio-demographic factors
| . | Step 1 . | Step 2 . | Step 3a . | Step 3b . | Step 4a . | Step 4b . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | . | Fear racism . | Organizational discrimination . | Fear of racism . | Organizational Discrimination . |
| . | Coeff. (95% CI) . | Coeff (95% CI) . | Coeff (95% CI) . | Coeff (95% CI) . | Coeff (95% CI) . | Coeff (95% CI) . |
| Intercept | −3.98 (−4.22 to −3.75)† | −4.07 (−4.31 to −3.82)† | −4.07 (−4.32 to −3.82)† | −4.28 (−4.54 to −4.02)† | −4.03 (−4.30 to −3.77)† | −4.31 (−4.62 to −4.01)† |
| Age | 0.05 (0.05 to 0.05)† | 0.05 (0.05 to 0.05)† | 0.05 (0.05 to 0.05)† | 0.05 (0.05 to 0.05)† | 0.05 (0.05 to 0.05)† | 0.05 (0.05 to 0.06)† |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Female | −0.04 (−0.14 to 0.05) | −0.14 (−0.24 to −0.04)† | −0.16 (−0.26 to −0.06)† | −0.13 (−0.23 to −0.03)** | −0.15 (−0.26 to −0.04)** | −0.18 (−0.30 to −0.06)† |
| Ethnic group | ||||||
| White | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Indian | −0.07 (−0.26 to 0.11) | −0.18 (−0.37 to 0.01) | −0.25 (−0.45 to −0.05)** | −0.19 (−0.38 to 0.00) | −0.25 (−0.44 to −0.05)** | −0.19 (−0.39 to −0.00)* |
| Pakistani | 0.28 (0.04 to 0.52)* | 0.05 (−0.20 to 0.30) | −0.04 (−0.30 to 0.22) | 0.04 (−0.21 to 0.30) | −0.02 (−0.28 to 0.24) | 0.04 (−0.21 to 0.29) |
| Bangladeshi | 0.42 (0.03 to 0.81)* | 0.16 (−0.24 to 0.56) | 0.09 (−0.31 to 0.50) | 0.18 (−0.22 to 0.58) | 0.10 (−0.30 to 0.51) | 0.17 (−0.23 to 0.57) |
| Black Caribbean | 0.30 (0.10 to 0.50)† | 0.27 (0.07 to 0.47)** | 0.23 (0.03 to 0.43)* | 0.23 (0.03 to 0.42)* | 0.23 (0.03 to 0.43)* | 0.21 (0.01 to 0.41)* |
| Black African | −0.16 (−0.42 to 0.11) | −0.24 (−0.51 to 0.03) | −0.31 (−0.59 to −0.04)* | −0.29 (−0.56 to −0.01)* | −0.30 (−0.58 to −0.02)* | −0.29 (−0.57 to −0.03)* |
| SEP | ||||||
| Higher/lower management | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Intermediate and small employers | 0.38 (0.25 to 0.50)† | 0.39 (0.26 to 0.51)† | 0.38 (0.26 to 0.51)† | 0.39 (0.26 to 0.53)† | 0.43 (0.28 to 0.59)† | |
| Semi-routine and routine | 0.53 (0.40 to 0.65)† | 0.51 (0.38 to 0.64)† | 0.53 (0.40 to 0.66)† | 0.47 (0.33 to 0.62)† | 0.59 (0.43 to 0.75)† | |
| Never worked, long-term unemployed | 1.05 (0.84 to 1.25)† | 1.03 (0.82 to 1.23)† | 1.07 (0.87 to 1.27)† | 1.02 (0.78 to 1.26)† | 1.14 (0.89 to 1.38)† | |
| Racism | 0.24 (0.11 to 0.37)† | 0.30 (0.20 to 0.41)† | 0.00 (−0.00 to 0.01) | 0.41 (−0.07 to 0.89) | ||
| Racism*age | 0.02 (−0.59 to 0.62) | −0.00 (−0.01 to 0.00) | ||||
| Racism*gender (female) | −0.04 (−0.29 to 0.21) | 0.13 (−0.07 to 0.34) | ||||
| Racism*SEP(II) | −0.03 (−0.40 to 0.33) | −0.14 (−0.40 to 0.13) | ||||
| Racism*SEP(III) | 0.18 (−0.16 to 0.52) | −0.17 (−0.43 to 0.09) | ||||
| Racism*SEP(IV) | 0.06 (−0.39 to 0.52) | −0.20 (−0.62 to 0.22) |
| . | Step 1 . | Step 2 . | Step 3a . | Step 3b . | Step 4a . | Step 4b . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | . | Fear racism . | Organizational discrimination . | Fear of racism . | Organizational Discrimination . |
| . | Coeff. (95% CI) . | Coeff (95% CI) . | Coeff (95% CI) . | Coeff (95% CI) . | Coeff (95% CI) . | Coeff (95% CI) . |
| Intercept | −3.98 (−4.22 to −3.75)† | −4.07 (−4.31 to −3.82)† | −4.07 (−4.32 to −3.82)† | −4.28 (−4.54 to −4.02)† | −4.03 (−4.30 to −3.77)† | −4.31 (−4.62 to −4.01)† |
| Age | 0.05 (0.05 to 0.05)† | 0.05 (0.05 to 0.05)† | 0.05 (0.05 to 0.05)† | 0.05 (0.05 to 0.05)† | 0.05 (0.05 to 0.05)† | 0.05 (0.05 to 0.06)† |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Female | −0.04 (−0.14 to 0.05) | −0.14 (−0.24 to −0.04)† | −0.16 (−0.26 to −0.06)† | −0.13 (−0.23 to −0.03)** | −0.15 (−0.26 to −0.04)** | −0.18 (−0.30 to −0.06)† |
| Ethnic group | ||||||
| White | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Indian | −0.07 (−0.26 to 0.11) | −0.18 (−0.37 to 0.01) | −0.25 (−0.45 to −0.05)** | −0.19 (−0.38 to 0.00) | −0.25 (−0.44 to −0.05)** | −0.19 (−0.39 to −0.00)* |
| Pakistani | 0.28 (0.04 to 0.52)* | 0.05 (−0.20 to 0.30) | −0.04 (−0.30 to 0.22) | 0.04 (−0.21 to 0.30) | −0.02 (−0.28 to 0.24) | 0.04 (−0.21 to 0.29) |
| Bangladeshi | 0.42 (0.03 to 0.81)* | 0.16 (−0.24 to 0.56) | 0.09 (−0.31 to 0.50) | 0.18 (−0.22 to 0.58) | 0.10 (−0.30 to 0.51) | 0.17 (−0.23 to 0.57) |
| Black Caribbean | 0.30 (0.10 to 0.50)† | 0.27 (0.07 to 0.47)** | 0.23 (0.03 to 0.43)* | 0.23 (0.03 to 0.42)* | 0.23 (0.03 to 0.43)* | 0.21 (0.01 to 0.41)* |
| Black African | −0.16 (−0.42 to 0.11) | −0.24 (−0.51 to 0.03) | −0.31 (−0.59 to −0.04)* | −0.29 (−0.56 to −0.01)* | −0.30 (−0.58 to −0.02)* | −0.29 (−0.57 to −0.03)* |
| SEP | ||||||
| Higher/lower management | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Intermediate and small employers | 0.38 (0.25 to 0.50)† | 0.39 (0.26 to 0.51)† | 0.38 (0.26 to 0.51)† | 0.39 (0.26 to 0.53)† | 0.43 (0.28 to 0.59)† | |
| Semi-routine and routine | 0.53 (0.40 to 0.65)† | 0.51 (0.38 to 0.64)† | 0.53 (0.40 to 0.66)† | 0.47 (0.33 to 0.62)† | 0.59 (0.43 to 0.75)† | |
| Never worked, long-term unemployed | 1.05 (0.84 to 1.25)† | 1.03 (0.82 to 1.23)† | 1.07 (0.87 to 1.27)† | 1.02 (0.78 to 1.26)† | 1.14 (0.89 to 1.38)† | |
| Racism | 0.24 (0.11 to 0.37)† | 0.30 (0.20 to 0.41)† | 0.00 (−0.00 to 0.01) | 0.41 (−0.07 to 0.89) | ||
| Racism*age | 0.02 (−0.59 to 0.62) | −0.00 (−0.01 to 0.00) | ||||
| Racism*gender (female) | −0.04 (−0.29 to 0.21) | 0.13 (−0.07 to 0.34) | ||||
| Racism*SEP(II) | −0.03 (−0.40 to 0.33) | −0.14 (−0.40 to 0.13) | ||||
| Racism*SEP(III) | 0.18 (−0.16 to 0.52) | −0.17 (−0.43 to 0.09) | ||||
| Racism*SEP(IV) | 0.06 (−0.39 to 0.52) | −0.20 (−0.62 to 0.22) |
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, †P < 0.001
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