Table 1. Open in new tab Examples of...

Study

Contemporaneous Period Effect

Summary of Findings

Bader and Berg (2013)

Terrorism

Among expatriate managers, terrorism-related stressors were negatively associated with work attitudes, attitudes toward host country nationals, and job performance

Barnes and Wagner (2009)

Daylight savings time

Changing from normal time to daylight savings time had negative effects on sleep patterns, and was associated with increased workplace injuries

Danziger, Levav, and Avnaim-Pesso (2011)

Timing of lunch breaks

The timing of lunch breaks predicted the percentage of favorable parole rulings made by experienced judges, such that more lenient decisions were made immediately prior to lunch breaks and harsher decisions were made immediately following lunch breaks

Earle and Gehlbach (2015)

National politics

Following a political revolution, the productivity of firms in the Ukraine increased by more than 15% in regions that supported the new regime

Etzion (2003)

Vacations

Levels of job stress and burnout were lower for up to 3 weeks after returning from a summer vacation

Kuntz, Näswall, & Bockett (2013)

Earthquakes

Following an earthquake, perceptions of role overload were associated with increased levels of burnout among teachers. The relationship between role overload and turnover intentions was mediated by perceptions of emotional exhaustion.

Hammond and Cheang (1984)

Influenza

The 1980 outbreak of influenza increased absenteeism by 1.7 times the normal rate among hospital staff in Winnipeg, Canada

Hochwarter, Laird, and Brouer (2008)

Hurricanes

Across three samples in three regions, hurricane-induced job stress was associated with higher job tension. Job resources buffered the effects of hurricane-inducted stress on job satisfaction.

Shoss and Penney (2012)

Economic conditions

State unemployment rates were positively associated with rates of absenteeism

Smith and Smith (2011

College basketball championships

Participation in office basketball pools during “March Madness” increased employee morale, but did not have appreciable effects on perceived productivity

Reade and Lee (2012)

War

Employee sensitivity to ethnopolitical conflict (i.e., a current war) was inversely and incrementally related to organizational commitment. Perceived organizational support buffered this negative relationship.

Warren (1985)

Unionization

Union membership was tied to significant decreases in average labor productivity in the United States between 1948 and 1973

Table 1.

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Examples of Empirical Evidence of Contemporaneous Period Effects

Study	Contemporaneous Period Effect	Summary of Findings
Bader and Berg (2013)	Terrorism	Among expatriate managers, terrorism-related stressors were negatively associated with work attitudes, attitudes toward host country nationals, and job performance
Barnes and Wagner (2009)	Daylight savings time	Changing from normal time to daylight savings time had negative effects on sleep patterns, and was associated with increased workplace injuries
Danziger, Levav, and Avnaim-Pesso (2011)	Timing of lunch breaks	The timing of lunch breaks predicted the percentage of favorable parole rulings made by experienced judges, such that more lenient decisions were made immediately prior to lunch breaks and harsher decisions were made immediately following lunch breaks
Earle and Gehlbach (2015)	National politics	Following a political revolution, the productivity of firms in the Ukraine increased by more than 15% in regions that supported the new regime
Etzion (2003)	Vacations	Levels of job stress and burnout were lower for up to 3 weeks after returning from a summer vacation
Kuntz, Näswall, & Bockett (2013)	Earthquakes	Following an earthquake, perceptions of role overload were associated with increased levels of burnout among teachers. The relationship between role overload and turnover intentions was mediated by perceptions of emotional exhaustion.
Hammond and Cheang (1984)	Influenza	The 1980 outbreak of influenza increased absenteeism by 1.7 times the normal rate among hospital staff in Winnipeg, Canada
Hochwarter, Laird, and Brouer (2008)	Hurricanes	Across three samples in three regions, hurricane-induced job stress was associated with higher job tension. Job resources buffered the effects of hurricane-inducted stress on job satisfaction.
Shoss and Penney (2012)	Economic conditions	State unemployment rates were positively associated with rates of absenteeism
Smith and Smith (2011	College basketball championships	Participation in office basketball pools during “March Madness” increased employee morale, but did not have appreciable effects on perceived productivity
Reade and Lee (2012)	War	Employee sensitivity to ethnopolitical conflict (i.e., a current war) was inversely and incrementally related to organizational commitment. Perceived organizational support buffered this negative relationship.
Warren (1985)	Unionization	Union membership was tied to significant decreases in average labor productivity in the United States between 1948 and 1973

Study	Contemporaneous Period Effect	Summary of Findings
Bader and Berg (2013)	Terrorism	Among expatriate managers, terrorism-related stressors were negatively associated with work attitudes, attitudes toward host country nationals, and job performance
Barnes and Wagner (2009)	Daylight savings time	Changing from normal time to daylight savings time had negative effects on sleep patterns, and was associated with increased workplace injuries
Danziger, Levav, and Avnaim-Pesso (2011)	Timing of lunch breaks	The timing of lunch breaks predicted the percentage of favorable parole rulings made by experienced judges, such that more lenient decisions were made immediately prior to lunch breaks and harsher decisions were made immediately following lunch breaks
Earle and Gehlbach (2015)	National politics	Following a political revolution, the productivity of firms in the Ukraine increased by more than 15% in regions that supported the new regime
Etzion (2003)	Vacations	Levels of job stress and burnout were lower for up to 3 weeks after returning from a summer vacation
Kuntz, Näswall, & Bockett (2013)	Earthquakes	Following an earthquake, perceptions of role overload were associated with increased levels of burnout among teachers. The relationship between role overload and turnover intentions was mediated by perceptions of emotional exhaustion.
Hammond and Cheang (1984)	Influenza	The 1980 outbreak of influenza increased absenteeism by 1.7 times the normal rate among hospital staff in Winnipeg, Canada
Hochwarter, Laird, and Brouer (2008)	Hurricanes	Across three samples in three regions, hurricane-induced job stress was associated with higher job tension. Job resources buffered the effects of hurricane-inducted stress on job satisfaction.
Shoss and Penney (2012)	Economic conditions	State unemployment rates were positively associated with rates of absenteeism
Smith and Smith (2011	College basketball championships	Participation in office basketball pools during “March Madness” increased employee morale, but did not have appreciable effects on perceived productivity
Reade and Lee (2012)	War	Employee sensitivity to ethnopolitical conflict (i.e., a current war) was inversely and incrementally related to organizational commitment. Perceived organizational support buffered this negative relationship.
Warren (1985)	Unionization	Union membership was tied to significant decreases in average labor productivity in the United States between 1948 and 1973

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