Four patients in the CHD group had surgically uncorrected CHD. The remaining 36 patients had undergone one or more cardiac surgical procedures (range 1–7). This was significantly different from the control group, where only 21% of the patients had a history of cardiac surgery (P < 0.001). The CHD patients' diagnoses are summarized in Table 2. Detailed descriptions of individual patients' congenital diagnoses and their surgical histories are described in Supplementary material online, Table S1.
| Patients total, n = 40 . | Congenital diagnosis . |
|---|---|
| 6 | D-transposition with atrial switch palliation |
| 3 | L-transposition, ventricular septal defect |
| 1 | L-transposition, aortic co-arctation |
| 4 | Tetralogy of Fallot |
| 1 | Tetralogy of Fallot, anomalous right pulmonary veins to right atrium, interrupted IVC, and right aortic arch |
| 1 | Tetralogy of Fallot, patent ductus, agenesis of left pulmonary artery |
| 3 | Ebstein's anomaly |
| 1 | Shone's complex |
| 2 | Aortic coarctation |
| 1 | Truncus arteriosus |
| 4 | Tricuspid atresia |
| 2 | Pulmonary valve stenosis |
| 2 | Marfan's syndrome with aortopathy |
| 1 | Atrioventricular canal defect |
| 1 | Ventricular septal defect, subaortic stenosis, interrupted aortic arch |
| 1 | Ostium secundum atrial septal defect |
| 1 | Hypoplastic right heart, persistent left superior vena cava |
| 1 | RV inflow obstruction, bicuspid pulmonary valve stenosis, ventricular septal defect |
| 1 | Hypoplastic tricuspid, pulmonary atresia, atrial septal defect, unroofed coronary sinus, RV to right coronary fistulae, left anterior descending artery atresia |
| 1 | Ventricular septal defect |
| 1 | Dextrocardia, right lung hypoplasia |
| 1 | Dextrocardia, bilateral superior vena cava, bicuspid aortic valve |
| Patients total, n = 40 . | Congenital diagnosis . |
|---|---|
| 6 | D-transposition with atrial switch palliation |
| 3 | L-transposition, ventricular septal defect |
| 1 | L-transposition, aortic co-arctation |
| 4 | Tetralogy of Fallot |
| 1 | Tetralogy of Fallot, anomalous right pulmonary veins to right atrium, interrupted IVC, and right aortic arch |
| 1 | Tetralogy of Fallot, patent ductus, agenesis of left pulmonary artery |
| 3 | Ebstein's anomaly |
| 1 | Shone's complex |
| 2 | Aortic coarctation |
| 1 | Truncus arteriosus |
| 4 | Tricuspid atresia |
| 2 | Pulmonary valve stenosis |
| 2 | Marfan's syndrome with aortopathy |
| 1 | Atrioventricular canal defect |
| 1 | Ventricular septal defect, subaortic stenosis, interrupted aortic arch |
| 1 | Ostium secundum atrial septal defect |
| 1 | Hypoplastic right heart, persistent left superior vena cava |
| 1 | RV inflow obstruction, bicuspid pulmonary valve stenosis, ventricular septal defect |
| 1 | Hypoplastic tricuspid, pulmonary atresia, atrial septal defect, unroofed coronary sinus, RV to right coronary fistulae, left anterior descending artery atresia |
| 1 | Ventricular septal defect |
| 1 | Dextrocardia, right lung hypoplasia |
| 1 | Dextrocardia, bilateral superior vena cava, bicuspid aortic valve |
| Patients total, n = 40 . | Congenital diagnosis . |
|---|---|
| 6 | D-transposition with atrial switch palliation |
| 3 | L-transposition, ventricular septal defect |
| 1 | L-transposition, aortic co-arctation |
| 4 | Tetralogy of Fallot |
| 1 | Tetralogy of Fallot, anomalous right pulmonary veins to right atrium, interrupted IVC, and right aortic arch |
| 1 | Tetralogy of Fallot, patent ductus, agenesis of left pulmonary artery |
| 3 | Ebstein's anomaly |
| 1 | Shone's complex |
| 2 | Aortic coarctation |
| 1 | Truncus arteriosus |
| 4 | Tricuspid atresia |
| 2 | Pulmonary valve stenosis |
| 2 | Marfan's syndrome with aortopathy |
| 1 | Atrioventricular canal defect |
| 1 | Ventricular septal defect, subaortic stenosis, interrupted aortic arch |
| 1 | Ostium secundum atrial septal defect |
| 1 | Hypoplastic right heart, persistent left superior vena cava |
| 1 | RV inflow obstruction, bicuspid pulmonary valve stenosis, ventricular septal defect |
| 1 | Hypoplastic tricuspid, pulmonary atresia, atrial septal defect, unroofed coronary sinus, RV to right coronary fistulae, left anterior descending artery atresia |
| 1 | Ventricular septal defect |
| 1 | Dextrocardia, right lung hypoplasia |
| 1 | Dextrocardia, bilateral superior vena cava, bicuspid aortic valve |
| Patients total, n = 40 . | Congenital diagnosis . |
|---|---|
| 6 | D-transposition with atrial switch palliation |
| 3 | L-transposition, ventricular septal defect |
| 1 | L-transposition, aortic co-arctation |
| 4 | Tetralogy of Fallot |
| 1 | Tetralogy of Fallot, anomalous right pulmonary veins to right atrium, interrupted IVC, and right aortic arch |
| 1 | Tetralogy of Fallot, patent ductus, agenesis of left pulmonary artery |
| 3 | Ebstein's anomaly |
| 1 | Shone's complex |
| 2 | Aortic coarctation |
| 1 | Truncus arteriosus |
| 4 | Tricuspid atresia |
| 2 | Pulmonary valve stenosis |
| 2 | Marfan's syndrome with aortopathy |
| 1 | Atrioventricular canal defect |
| 1 | Ventricular septal defect, subaortic stenosis, interrupted aortic arch |
| 1 | Ostium secundum atrial septal defect |
| 1 | Hypoplastic right heart, persistent left superior vena cava |
| 1 | RV inflow obstruction, bicuspid pulmonary valve stenosis, ventricular septal defect |
| 1 | Hypoplastic tricuspid, pulmonary atresia, atrial septal defect, unroofed coronary sinus, RV to right coronary fistulae, left anterior descending artery atresia |
| 1 | Ventricular septal defect |
| 1 | Dextrocardia, right lung hypoplasia |
| 1 | Dextrocardia, bilateral superior vena cava, bicuspid aortic valve |
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