Table 3 Open in new tab Unadjusted and...

	Univariate Model	Bivariate Model
HFs
No. reported per night	3.2	1.0, 5.4	.006	N/A			N/A
No. reported per day	0.8	−0.7, 2.3	.28	N/A			N/A
Objective sleep measures
Change in no. of awakenings	0.2	−0.1, 0.6	.15	N/A
Change in WASO, min	0.1	−0.1, 0.2	.30	N/A
Change in sleep efficiency	−21.9	−42.8, −0.9	.04	−15.8	−36.5, 5.0	.13	2.0	0.001, 4.1	.05
Change in sleep-onset latency	0.01	−0.1, 0.2	.62	N/A
Change in stage N1	0.7	0.1, 1.2	.02	0.3	0.001, 0.7	.05	2.4	0.1, 4.6	.04
Change in stage N2	0.01	−0.3, 0.3	.95	N/A			N/A
Change in stage N3	−0.1	−0.4, 0.2	.46	N/A			N/A
Change in stage REM	−0.3	−0.8, 0.3	.29	N/A			N/A
Objective sleep fragmentation
Change in no. of arousals	0.1	−0.03, 0.3	.12	N/A			N/A
Change in no. of non-REM arousals	0.2	0.1, 0.3	.004	0.1	0.0, 0.2	.03	2.2	0.01, 4.5	.049
Change in no. of REM arousals	−0.01	−0.4, 0.4	.94	N/A			N/A
Change in no. of transitions/hour to wake	2.0	0.7, 3.3	.004	1.5	0.10, 2.8	.04	2.2	−0.03, 4.5	.05
Change in no. of transitions/hour to N1	1.0	−0.10, 2.1	.08	0.4	−0.3, 1.1	.22	2.1	−0.002, 4.2	.05
Subjective sleep measures
Change in sleep efficiency	−44.9	−84.4, −5.5	.03	−23.7	−64.7, 17.3	.24	2.8	0.3, 5.3	.03
Change in WASO, min	0.10	−0.01, 0.2	.08	0.03	−0.1, 0.1	.52	3.1	0.6, 5.6	.02
Change in no. of awakenings	0.6	−0.3, 1.4	.18	N/A			N/A
Change in sleep-onset latency	0.1	0.003, 0.3	.045	0.1	−0.04, 0.2	.15	3.0	0.7, 5.2	.01
Change in PSQI	1.2	0.30, 2.1	.01	1.1	0.2, 1.9	.02	2.2	0.4, 4.1	.02

Univariate Model

Bivariate Model

Parameter Estimate

Sleep Parameter Estimate

Nighttime HF Estimate

95% CI

P Value

95% CI

P Value

95% CI

P Value

HFs

No. reported per night

3.2

1.0, 5.4

.006

N/A

No. reported per day

0.8

−0.7, 2.3

.28

N/A

Objective sleep measures

Change in no. of awakenings

0.2

−0.1, 0.6

.15

N/A

Change in WASO, min

0.1

−0.1, 0.2

.30

N/A

Change in sleep efficiency

−21.9

−42.8, −0.9

.04

−15.8

−36.5, 5.0

.13

2.0

0.001, 4.1

.05

Change in sleep-onset latency

0.01

−0.1, 0.2

.62

N/A

Change in stage N1

0.7

0.1, 1.2

.02

0.3

0.001, 0.7

.05

2.4

0.1, 4.6

.04

Change in stage N2

0.01

−0.3, 0.3

.95

N/A

Change in stage N3

−0.1

−0.4, 0.2

.46

N/A

Change in stage REM

−0.3

−0.8, 0.3

.29

N/A

Objective sleep fragmentation

Change in no. of arousals

0.1

−0.03, 0.3

.12

N/A

Change in no. of non-REM arousals

0.2

0.1, 0.3

.004

0.1

0.0, 0.2

.03

2.2

0.01, 4.5

.049

Change in no. of REM arousals

−0.01

−0.4, 0.4

.94

N/A

Change in no. of transitions/hour to wake

2.0

0.7, 3.3

.004

1.5

0.10, 2.8

.04

2.2

−0.03, 4.5

.05

Change in no. of transitions/hour to N1

1.0

−0.10, 2.1

.08

0.4

−0.3, 1.1

.22

2.1

−0.002, 4.2

.05

Subjective sleep measures

Change in sleep efficiency

−44.9

−84.4, −5.5

.03

−23.7

−64.7, 17.3

.24

2.8

0.3, 5.3

.03

Change in WASO, min

0.10

−0.01, 0.2

.08

0.03

−0.1, 0.1

.52

3.1

0.6, 5.6

.02

Change in no. of awakenings

0.6

−0.3, 1.4

.18

N/A

Change in sleep-onset latency

0.1

0.003, 0.3

.045

0.1

−0.04, 0.2

.15

3.0

0.7, 5.2

.01

Change in PSQI

1.2

0.30, 2.1

.01

1.1

0.2, 1.9

.02

2.2

0.4, 4.1

.02

	Univariate Model	Bivariate Model
HFs
No. reported per night	3.2	1.0, 5.4	.006	N/A			N/A
No. reported per day	0.8	−0.7, 2.3	.28	N/A			N/A
Objective sleep measures
Change in no. of awakenings	0.2	−0.1, 0.6	.15	N/A
Change in WASO, min	0.1	−0.1, 0.2	.30	N/A
Change in sleep efficiency	−21.9	−42.8, −0.9	.04	−15.8	−36.5, 5.0	.13	2.0	0.001, 4.1	.05
Change in sleep-onset latency	0.01	−0.1, 0.2	.62	N/A
Change in stage N1	0.7	0.1, 1.2	.02	0.3	0.001, 0.7	.05	2.4	0.1, 4.6	.04
Change in stage N2	0.01	−0.3, 0.3	.95	N/A			N/A
Change in stage N3	−0.1	−0.4, 0.2	.46	N/A			N/A
Change in stage REM	−0.3	−0.8, 0.3	.29	N/A			N/A
Objective sleep fragmentation
Change in no. of arousals	0.1	−0.03, 0.3	.12	N/A			N/A
Change in no. of non-REM arousals	0.2	0.1, 0.3	.004	0.1	0.0, 0.2	.03	2.2	0.01, 4.5	.049
Change in no. of REM arousals	−0.01	−0.4, 0.4	.94	N/A			N/A
Change in no. of transitions/hour to wake	2.0	0.7, 3.3	.004	1.5	0.10, 2.8	.04	2.2	−0.03, 4.5	.05
Change in no. of transitions/hour to N1	1.0	−0.10, 2.1	.08	0.4	−0.3, 1.1	.22	2.1	−0.002, 4.2	.05
Subjective sleep measures
Change in sleep efficiency	−44.9	−84.4, −5.5	.03	−23.7	−64.7, 17.3	.24	2.8	0.3, 5.3	.03
Change in WASO, min	0.10	−0.01, 0.2	.08	0.03	−0.1, 0.1	.52	3.1	0.6, 5.6	.02
Change in no. of awakenings	0.6	−0.3, 1.4	.18	N/A			N/A
Change in sleep-onset latency	0.1	0.003, 0.3	.045	0.1	−0.04, 0.2	.15	3.0	0.7, 5.2	.01
Change in PSQI	1.2	0.30, 2.1	.01	1.1	0.2, 1.9	.02	2.2	0.4, 4.1	.02

Table 3

Open in new tab

Unadjusted and Adjusted Regression Models Showing the Effect of Nighttime and Daytime HFs and Sleep Parameters on Worsening of Depressive Symptoms on the MADRS From Before to After Treatment With GnRHa

	Univariate Model			Bivariate Model
	Parameter Estimate			Sleep Parameter Estimate			Nighttime HF Estimate
	β	95% CI	P Value	β	95% CI	P Value	β	95% CI	P Value
HFs
No. reported per night	3.2	1.0, 5.4	.006	N/A			N/A
No. reported per day	0.8	−0.7, 2.3	.28	N/A			N/A
Objective sleep measures
Change in no. of awakenings	0.2	−0.1, 0.6	.15	N/A
Change in WASO, min	0.1	−0.1, 0.2	.30	N/A
Change in sleep efficiency	−21.9	−42.8, −0.9	.04	−15.8	−36.5, 5.0	.13	2.0	0.001, 4.1	.05
Change in sleep-onset latency	0.01	−0.1, 0.2	.62	N/A
Change in stage N1	0.7	0.1, 1.2	.02	0.3	0.001, 0.7	.05	2.4	0.1, 4.6	.04
Change in stage N2	0.01	−0.3, 0.3	.95	N/A			N/A
Change in stage N3	−0.1	−0.4, 0.2	.46	N/A			N/A
Change in stage REM	−0.3	−0.8, 0.3	.29	N/A			N/A
Objective sleep fragmentation
Change in no. of arousals	0.1	−0.03, 0.3	.12	N/A			N/A
Change in no. of non-REM arousals	0.2	0.1, 0.3	.004	0.1	0.0, 0.2	.03	2.2	0.01, 4.5	.049
Change in no. of REM arousals	−0.01	−0.4, 0.4	.94	N/A			N/A
Change in no. of transitions/hour to wake	2.0	0.7, 3.3	.004	1.5	0.10, 2.8	.04	2.2	−0.03, 4.5	.05
Change in no. of transitions/hour to N1	1.0	−0.10, 2.1	.08	0.4	−0.3, 1.1	.22	2.1	−0.002, 4.2	.05
Subjective sleep measures
Change in sleep efficiency	−44.9	−84.4, −5.5	.03	−23.7	−64.7, 17.3	.24	2.8	0.3, 5.3	.03
Change in WASO, min	0.10	−0.01, 0.2	.08	0.03	−0.1, 0.1	.52	3.1	0.6, 5.6	.02
Change in no. of awakenings	0.6	−0.3, 1.4	.18	N/A			N/A
Change in sleep-onset latency	0.1	0.003, 0.3	.045	0.1	−0.04, 0.2	.15	3.0	0.7, 5.2	.01
Change in PSQI	1.2	0.30, 2.1	.01	1.1	0.2, 1.9	.02	2.2	0.4, 4.1	.02

	Univariate Model			Bivariate Model
	Parameter Estimate			Sleep Parameter Estimate			Nighttime HF Estimate
	β	95% CI	P Value	β	95% CI	P Value	β	95% CI	P Value
HFs
No. reported per night	3.2	1.0, 5.4	.006	N/A			N/A
No. reported per day	0.8	−0.7, 2.3	.28	N/A			N/A
Objective sleep measures
Change in no. of awakenings	0.2	−0.1, 0.6	.15	N/A
Change in WASO, min	0.1	−0.1, 0.2	.30	N/A
Change in sleep efficiency	−21.9	−42.8, −0.9	.04	−15.8	−36.5, 5.0	.13	2.0	0.001, 4.1	.05
Change in sleep-onset latency	0.01	−0.1, 0.2	.62	N/A
Change in stage N1	0.7	0.1, 1.2	.02	0.3	0.001, 0.7	.05	2.4	0.1, 4.6	.04
Change in stage N2	0.01	−0.3, 0.3	.95	N/A			N/A
Change in stage N3	−0.1	−0.4, 0.2	.46	N/A			N/A
Change in stage REM	−0.3	−0.8, 0.3	.29	N/A			N/A
Objective sleep fragmentation
Change in no. of arousals	0.1	−0.03, 0.3	.12	N/A			N/A
Change in no. of non-REM arousals	0.2	0.1, 0.3	.004	0.1	0.0, 0.2	.03	2.2	0.01, 4.5	.049
Change in no. of REM arousals	−0.01	−0.4, 0.4	.94	N/A			N/A
Change in no. of transitions/hour to wake	2.0	0.7, 3.3	.004	1.5	0.10, 2.8	.04	2.2	−0.03, 4.5	.05
Change in no. of transitions/hour to N1	1.0	−0.10, 2.1	.08	0.4	−0.3, 1.1	.22	2.1	−0.002, 4.2	.05
Subjective sleep measures
Change in sleep efficiency	−44.9	−84.4, −5.5	.03	−23.7	−64.7, 17.3	.24	2.8	0.3, 5.3	.03
Change in WASO, min	0.10	−0.01, 0.2	.08	0.03	−0.1, 0.1	.52	3.1	0.6, 5.6	.02
Change in no. of awakenings	0.6	−0.3, 1.4	.18	N/A			N/A
Change in sleep-onset latency	0.1	0.003, 0.3	.045	0.1	−0.04, 0.2	.15	3.0	0.7, 5.2	.01
Change in PSQI	1.2	0.30, 2.1	.01	1.1	0.2, 1.9	.02	2.2	0.4, 4.1	.02

Abbreviation: N/A, not available. Variables were selectively winsorized based on Cook’s D for individual univariate and multivariate models. All sleep variables reflect a within-subject change after GnRHa treatment (calculated as post-treatment minus pretreatment). For each univariate and bivariate model separately, variables were winsorized if one or more observations had a large (>1) Cook’s D value. Bivariate model columns show the estimate for each sleep parameter adjusted for nighttime HF frequency in the middle column and nighttime HF frequency estimate adjusted for the corresponding sleep parameter in the same row. Values in boldface font are P values <.05.

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