Clinical Characteristics, Glucose Complexity, and GV of Nondiabetic Controls and Patients With Longstanding T1D
| Clinical Characteristics . | Nondiabetics . | T1D . | P-Value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 35 | 49 | — |
| Sex, F/M, n | 21/14 | 30/19 | NS |
| Age | |||
| Adults, y | 37.0 ± 11.4 | 43.6 ± 12.7 | .032 |
| Teenagers, y | 14.5 ± 1.8 | — | — |
| BMI: adults only, kg/m2 | 23.7 ± 6.2 | 26.3 ± 5.2 | .061 |
| BMI-Z | 0.41 ± 1.25 | 1.12 ± 1.15 | .009 |
| Total daily insulin dose, U | — | 53.2 [33.6–79.4] | — |
| T1D duration, y | — | 19.9 ± 11.5 | — |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 85.5 ± 7.5 | — | — |
| HbA1C, % | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 7.9 ± 1.6 | <.0001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.33 ± 0.52 | — | — |
| QUICKI | 0.36 ± 0.04 | — | — |
| Mean CGM glucose, mg/dL | 93.1 ± 8.6 | 167.7 ± 40.0 | <.0001 |
| Hypoglycemia events, No./wka | 0.33 [0–1.00] | 1.14 [0.46–1.69] | .0005 |
| Time in hypoglycemia, h/db | 0.11 [0–0.69] | 1.36 [0.38–3.85] | <.0001 |
| Glucose complexity | |||
| SpEn | 0.35 ± 0.08 | 0.19 ± 0.05 | <.0001 |
| SpEn after heavy filteringc | 0.14 ± 0.04 | 0.13 ± 0.03 | NS |
| DFA | 1.09 ± 0.09 | 1.32 ± 0.09 | <.0001 |
| GV | |||
| SD, mg/dL | 11.1 ± 4.4 | 74.5 ± 20.9 | <.0001 |
| CV, % | 11.7 ± 3.9 | 45.4 ± 12.4 | <.0001 |
| MAGE, mg/dL | 27.6 ± 12.0 | 175.7 ± 48.8 | <.0001 |
| MODD, mg/dL | 11.6 ± 4.0 | 74.9 ± 25.6 | <.0001 |
| Clinical Characteristics . | Nondiabetics . | T1D . | P-Value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 35 | 49 | — |
| Sex, F/M, n | 21/14 | 30/19 | NS |
| Age | |||
| Adults, y | 37.0 ± 11.4 | 43.6 ± 12.7 | .032 |
| Teenagers, y | 14.5 ± 1.8 | — | — |
| BMI: adults only, kg/m2 | 23.7 ± 6.2 | 26.3 ± 5.2 | .061 |
| BMI-Z | 0.41 ± 1.25 | 1.12 ± 1.15 | .009 |
| Total daily insulin dose, U | — | 53.2 [33.6–79.4] | — |
| T1D duration, y | — | 19.9 ± 11.5 | — |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 85.5 ± 7.5 | — | — |
| HbA1C, % | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 7.9 ± 1.6 | <.0001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.33 ± 0.52 | — | — |
| QUICKI | 0.36 ± 0.04 | — | — |
| Mean CGM glucose, mg/dL | 93.1 ± 8.6 | 167.7 ± 40.0 | <.0001 |
| Hypoglycemia events, No./wka | 0.33 [0–1.00] | 1.14 [0.46–1.69] | .0005 |
| Time in hypoglycemia, h/db | 0.11 [0–0.69] | 1.36 [0.38–3.85] | <.0001 |
| Glucose complexity | |||
| SpEn | 0.35 ± 0.08 | 0.19 ± 0.05 | <.0001 |
| SpEn after heavy filteringc | 0.14 ± 0.04 | 0.13 ± 0.03 | NS |
| DFA | 1.09 ± 0.09 | 1.32 ± 0.09 | <.0001 |
| GV | |||
| SD, mg/dL | 11.1 ± 4.4 | 74.5 ± 20.9 | <.0001 |
| CV, % | 11.7 ± 3.9 | 45.4 ± 12.4 | <.0001 |
| MAGE, mg/dL | 27.6 ± 12.0 | 175.7 ± 48.8 | <.0001 |
| MODD, mg/dL | 11.6 ± 4.0 | 74.9 ± 25.6 | <.0001 |
Abbreviations: MAGE, mean amplitude of glycemic excursion; MODD, mean of daily difference; NS, not significant.
Defined as any period of glucose levels < 70 mg/dL [3.9 mmol/L] lasting ≥ 10 consecutive min.
Defined as the total duration of periods of glucose levels < 70 mg/dL [3.9 mmol/L] lasting ≥ 10 consecutive min.
See Methods for details.
Clinical Characteristics, Glucose Complexity, and GV of Nondiabetic Controls and Patients With Longstanding T1D
| Clinical Characteristics . | Nondiabetics . | T1D . | P-Value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 35 | 49 | — |
| Sex, F/M, n | 21/14 | 30/19 | NS |
| Age | |||
| Adults, y | 37.0 ± 11.4 | 43.6 ± 12.7 | .032 |
| Teenagers, y | 14.5 ± 1.8 | — | — |
| BMI: adults only, kg/m2 | 23.7 ± 6.2 | 26.3 ± 5.2 | .061 |
| BMI-Z | 0.41 ± 1.25 | 1.12 ± 1.15 | .009 |
| Total daily insulin dose, U | — | 53.2 [33.6–79.4] | — |
| T1D duration, y | — | 19.9 ± 11.5 | — |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 85.5 ± 7.5 | — | — |
| HbA1C, % | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 7.9 ± 1.6 | <.0001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.33 ± 0.52 | — | — |
| QUICKI | 0.36 ± 0.04 | — | — |
| Mean CGM glucose, mg/dL | 93.1 ± 8.6 | 167.7 ± 40.0 | <.0001 |
| Hypoglycemia events, No./wka | 0.33 [0–1.00] | 1.14 [0.46–1.69] | .0005 |
| Time in hypoglycemia, h/db | 0.11 [0–0.69] | 1.36 [0.38–3.85] | <.0001 |
| Glucose complexity | |||
| SpEn | 0.35 ± 0.08 | 0.19 ± 0.05 | <.0001 |
| SpEn after heavy filteringc | 0.14 ± 0.04 | 0.13 ± 0.03 | NS |
| DFA | 1.09 ± 0.09 | 1.32 ± 0.09 | <.0001 |
| GV | |||
| SD, mg/dL | 11.1 ± 4.4 | 74.5 ± 20.9 | <.0001 |
| CV, % | 11.7 ± 3.9 | 45.4 ± 12.4 | <.0001 |
| MAGE, mg/dL | 27.6 ± 12.0 | 175.7 ± 48.8 | <.0001 |
| MODD, mg/dL | 11.6 ± 4.0 | 74.9 ± 25.6 | <.0001 |
| Clinical Characteristics . | Nondiabetics . | T1D . | P-Value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 35 | 49 | — |
| Sex, F/M, n | 21/14 | 30/19 | NS |
| Age | |||
| Adults, y | 37.0 ± 11.4 | 43.6 ± 12.7 | .032 |
| Teenagers, y | 14.5 ± 1.8 | — | — |
| BMI: adults only, kg/m2 | 23.7 ± 6.2 | 26.3 ± 5.2 | .061 |
| BMI-Z | 0.41 ± 1.25 | 1.12 ± 1.15 | .009 |
| Total daily insulin dose, U | — | 53.2 [33.6–79.4] | — |
| T1D duration, y | — | 19.9 ± 11.5 | — |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 85.5 ± 7.5 | — | — |
| HbA1C, % | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 7.9 ± 1.6 | <.0001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.33 ± 0.52 | — | — |
| QUICKI | 0.36 ± 0.04 | — | — |
| Mean CGM glucose, mg/dL | 93.1 ± 8.6 | 167.7 ± 40.0 | <.0001 |
| Hypoglycemia events, No./wka | 0.33 [0–1.00] | 1.14 [0.46–1.69] | .0005 |
| Time in hypoglycemia, h/db | 0.11 [0–0.69] | 1.36 [0.38–3.85] | <.0001 |
| Glucose complexity | |||
| SpEn | 0.35 ± 0.08 | 0.19 ± 0.05 | <.0001 |
| SpEn after heavy filteringc | 0.14 ± 0.04 | 0.13 ± 0.03 | NS |
| DFA | 1.09 ± 0.09 | 1.32 ± 0.09 | <.0001 |
| GV | |||
| SD, mg/dL | 11.1 ± 4.4 | 74.5 ± 20.9 | <.0001 |
| CV, % | 11.7 ± 3.9 | 45.4 ± 12.4 | <.0001 |
| MAGE, mg/dL | 27.6 ± 12.0 | 175.7 ± 48.8 | <.0001 |
| MODD, mg/dL | 11.6 ± 4.0 | 74.9 ± 25.6 | <.0001 |
Abbreviations: MAGE, mean amplitude of glycemic excursion; MODD, mean of daily difference; NS, not significant.
Defined as any period of glucose levels < 70 mg/dL [3.9 mmol/L] lasting ≥ 10 consecutive min.
Defined as the total duration of periods of glucose levels < 70 mg/dL [3.9 mmol/L] lasting ≥ 10 consecutive min.
See Methods for details.
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