Table 1. Open in new tab Subject...

	Normal TT	Normal TT	P Value	Low TT	P Value	Low TT	P Value
N, % 2641 (79.2%)	277 (8.3%)		96 (2.9%)		320 (9.6%)
General
Age, y	58.9 (10.7)	68.4 (9.3)	<.001	54.7 (9.2)	<.001	63.4 (10.8)	<.001
Current smoking, %	21.7	19.3	.358	16.8	.263	18.6	.211
Alcohol (≥5 days/week), %	23.0	22.2	.760	24.0	.834	20.8	.373
Fair or poor general health, %	30.3	50.6	<.001	28.4	.696	44.6	<.001
≥1 comorbidity, %	60.3	79.9	<.001	63.5	.520	80.4	<.001
Hormonal measurements
Total T, nmol/liter	18.4 (5.5)	14.2 (3.7)	<.001	9.6 (0.7)	<.001	7.8 (2.5)	<.001
Calculated free T, pmol/liter	325.7 (74.2)	194.3 (22.7)	<.001	246.8 (19.5)	<.001	159.8 (55.3)	<.001
Total estradiol, pmol/liter	76.7 (23.6)	70.1 (25.7)	<.001	58.9 (17.6)	<.001	54.8 (19.6)	<.001
Free estradiol, pmol/liter	1.3 (0.4)	1.0 (0.4)	<.001	1.2 (0.4)	.040	1.0 (0.4)	<.001
SHBG, nmol/liter	43.2 (17.2)	58.1 (21.9)	<.001	18.9 (4.2)	<.001	31.6 (15.0)	<.001
LH, U/liter	5.9 (3.0)	8.8 (6.8)	<.001	4.8 (2.2)	.006	6.9 (6.8)	<.001
TSH, U/liter	1.7 (1.2)	1.6 (1.2)	.680	1.7 (1.8)	.523	1.8 (1.7)	.050
Free T4, ng/dL	1.26 (0.22)	1.27 (0.23)	.403	1.24 (0.24)	.550	1.23 (0.24)	.030
IGF-1, ng/mL	134.5 (42.3)	116.5 (43.3)	<.001	152.9 (47.2)	<.001	128.3 (57.0)	.015
Sexual function
Overall sexual function score	21.8 (6.8)	17.6 (7.2)	<.001	23.1 (5.4)	.087	18.9 (7.5)	<.001
% men infrequent sexual thoughts	25.1	42.3	<.001	16.1	.052	39.7	<.001
% men erectile dysfunction	27.0	51.0	<.001	18.1	.059	45.2	<.001
% men infrequent morning erections	35.5	64.1	<.001	35.9	.934	51.7	<.001
% men with 3 sexual symptoms	9.3	25.9	<.001	5.5	.220	23.5	<.001
Physical function
Time to walk 50 feet, sec	13.4 (3.2)	25.0 (5.0)	<.001	13.2 (2.6)	.581	14.4 (3.3)	<.001
SF36 physical function score	50.7 (7.7)	46.2 (9.6)	<.001	50.9 (7.9)	.845	47.6 (8.9)	<.001
% men reduced vigorous activity	21.9	41.7	<.001	19.2	.529	38.6	<.001
% men impairment in walking 1 km	2.5	7.0	<.001	3.2	.678	7.0	<.001
% men impairment in bending	5.2	13.8	<.001	2.1	.199	12.0	<.001
Psychological function
Beck depression inventory score	6.7 (6.4)	8.1 (7.0)	.001	6.0 (5.7)	.262	7.8 (6.7)	.005
% men with sadness	4.0	5.4	.238	3.2	.697	6.0	.083
% men with loss of energy	5.3	9.5	.005	0		7.9	.059
% men with fatigue	4.9	8.7	.009	4.2	.747	9.2	.002
Biochemical measurements
Hemoglobin, g/liter	150.1 (10.7)	146.4 (10.9)	<.001	148.7 (9.4)	.243	146.2 (13.0)	<.001
hs-CRP, mg/liter	0.39 (0.66)	0.61 (1.11)	<.001	0.63 (0.94)	.016	0.77 (1.52)	<.001
Glucose, mmol/liter	5.5 (1.2)	6.0 (2.0)	<.001	6.0 (1.6)	<.001	6.2 (2.0)	<.001
HOMA-IR	2.9 (3.4)	4.3 (6.1)	<.001	4.4 (3.3)	<.001	5.5 (6.7)	<.001
Body composition parameters
Waist circumference, cm	97.1 (10.4)	99.9 (11.7)	<.001	105.4 (9.5)	<.001	106.5 (12.1)	<.001
Weight, kg	82.3 (12.9)	82.2 (14.7)	.924	92.3 (14.0)	<.001	90.9 (16.2)	<.001
BMI, kg/m²	27.2 (3.7)	27.7 (3.8)	.039	29.9 (3.9)	<.001	30.3 (4.4)	<.001
Estimated % body fat	27.4 (5.1)	28.0 (5.5)	.049	30.7 (4.2)	<.001	30.3 (5.3)	<.001
Mid-upper arm circumference (cm)	31.6 (3.1)	31.3 (3.5)	.108	33.8 (3.8)	<.001	33.6 (3.8)	<.001
Having MetS, %	29.3	44.6	<.001	63.2	<.001	62.5	<.001
Bone ultrasound measurements
Speed of sound, m/sec	1552 (32)	1542 (32)	<.001	1549 (27)	.395	1543 (30)	<.001
Broadband ultrasound attenuation, dB/MHz	80.7 (17.9)	74.9 (19.9)	<.001	81.1 (16.0)	.855	77.0 (18.0)	.001
Quantitative ultrasound index	98.4 (20.0)	91.8 (20.6)	<.001	97.3 (16.7)	.605	93.3 (19.1)	<.001
Estimated heel bone mineral density, g/cm²	0.55 (0.13)	0.50 (0.13)	<.001	0.54 (0.11)	.623	0.51 (0.12)	<.001

Normal TT

P Value

Low TT

P Value

Low TT

P Value

Normal cFT

Low cFT

Normal cFT

Low cFT

N, % 2641 (79.2%)

277 (8.3%)

96 (2.9%)

320 (9.6%)

General

Age, y

58.9 (10.7)

68.4 (9.3)

<.001

54.7 (9.2)

<.001

63.4 (10.8)

<.001

Current smoking, %

21.7

19.3

.358

16.8

.263

18.6

.211

Alcohol (≥5 days/week), %

23.0

22.2

.760

24.0

.834

20.8

.373

Fair or poor general health, %

30.3

50.6

<.001

28.4

.696

44.6

<.001

≥1 comorbidity, %

60.3

79.9

<.001

63.5

.520

80.4

<.001

Hormonal measurements

Total T, nmol/liter

18.4 (5.5)

14.2 (3.7)

<.001

9.6 (0.7)

<.001

7.8 (2.5)

<.001

Calculated free T, pmol/liter

325.7 (74.2)

194.3 (22.7)

<.001

246.8 (19.5)

<.001

159.8 (55.3)

<.001

Total estradiol, pmol/liter

76.7 (23.6)

70.1 (25.7)

<.001

58.9 (17.6)

<.001

54.8 (19.6)

<.001

Free estradiol, pmol/liter

1.3 (0.4)

1.0 (0.4)

<.001

1.2 (0.4)

.040

1.0 (0.4)

<.001

SHBG, nmol/liter

43.2 (17.2)

58.1 (21.9)

<.001

18.9 (4.2)

<.001

31.6 (15.0)

<.001

LH, U/liter

5.9 (3.0)

8.8 (6.8)

<.001

4.8 (2.2)

.006

6.9 (6.8)

<.001

TSH, U/liter

1.7 (1.2)

1.6 (1.2)

.680

1.7 (1.8)

.523

1.8 (1.7)

.050

Free T4, ng/dL

1.26 (0.22)

1.27 (0.23)

.403

1.24 (0.24)

.550

1.23 (0.24)

.030

IGF-1, ng/mL

134.5 (42.3)

116.5 (43.3)

<.001

152.9 (47.2)

<.001

128.3 (57.0)

.015

Sexual function

Overall sexual function score

21.8 (6.8)

17.6 (7.2)

<.001

23.1 (5.4)

.087

18.9 (7.5)

<.001

% men infrequent sexual thoughts

25.1

42.3

<.001

16.1

.052

39.7

<.001

% men erectile dysfunction

27.0

51.0

<.001

18.1

.059

45.2

<.001

% men infrequent morning erections

35.5

64.1

<.001

35.9

.934

51.7

<.001

% men with 3 sexual symptoms

9.3

25.9

<.001

5.5

.220

23.5

<.001

Physical function

Time to walk 50 feet, sec

13.4 (3.2)

25.0 (5.0)

<.001

13.2 (2.6)

.581

14.4 (3.3)

<.001

SF36 physical function score

50.7 (7.7)

46.2 (9.6)

<.001

50.9 (7.9)

.845

47.6 (8.9)

<.001

% men reduced vigorous activity

21.9

41.7

<.001

19.2

.529

38.6

<.001

% men impairment in walking 1 km

2.5

7.0

<.001

3.2

.678

7.0

<.001

% men impairment in bending

5.2

13.8

<.001

2.1

.199

12.0

<.001

Psychological function

Beck depression inventory score

6.7 (6.4)

8.1 (7.0)

.001

6.0 (5.7)

.262

7.8 (6.7)

.005

% men with sadness

4.0

5.4

.238

3.2

.697

6.0

.083

% men with loss of energy

5.3

9.5

.005

7.9

.059

% men with fatigue

4.9

8.7

.009

4.2

.747

9.2

.002

Biochemical measurements

Hemoglobin, g/liter

150.1 (10.7)

146.4 (10.9)

<.001

148.7 (9.4)

.243

146.2 (13.0)

<.001

hs-CRP, mg/liter

0.39 (0.66)

0.61 (1.11)

<.001

0.63 (0.94)

.016

0.77 (1.52)

<.001

Glucose, mmol/liter

5.5 (1.2)

6.0 (2.0)

<.001

6.0 (1.6)

<.001

6.2 (2.0)

<.001

HOMA-IR

2.9 (3.4)

4.3 (6.1)

<.001

4.4 (3.3)

<.001

5.5 (6.7)

<.001

Body composition parameters

Waist circumference, cm

97.1 (10.4)

99.9 (11.7)

<.001

105.4 (9.5)

<.001

106.5 (12.1)

<.001

Weight, kg

82.3 (12.9)

82.2 (14.7)

.924

92.3 (14.0)

<.001

90.9 (16.2)

<.001

BMI, kg/m²

27.2 (3.7)

27.7 (3.8)

.039

29.9 (3.9)

<.001

30.3 (4.4)

<.001

Estimated % body fat

27.4 (5.1)

28.0 (5.5)

.049

30.7 (4.2)

<.001

30.3 (5.3)

<.001

Mid-upper arm circumference (cm)

31.6 (3.1)

31.3 (3.5)

.108

33.8 (3.8)

<.001

33.6 (3.8)

<.001

Having MetS, %

29.3

44.6

<.001

63.2

<.001

62.5

<.001

Bone ultrasound measurements

Speed of sound, m/sec

1552 (32)

1542 (32)

<.001

1549 (27)

.395

1543 (30)

<.001

Broadband ultrasound attenuation, dB/MHz

80.7 (17.9)

74.9 (19.9)

<.001

81.1 (16.0)

.855

77.0 (18.0)

.001

Quantitative ultrasound index

98.4 (20.0)

91.8 (20.6)

<.001

97.3 (16.7)

.605

93.3 (19.1)

<.001

Estimated heel bone mineral density, g/cm²

0.55 (0.13)

0.50 (0.13)

<.001

0.54 (0.11)

.623

0.51 (0.12)

<.001

	Normal TT	Normal TT	P Value	Low TT	P Value	Low TT	P Value
N, % 2641 (79.2%)	277 (8.3%)		96 (2.9%)		320 (9.6%)
General
Age, y	58.9 (10.7)	68.4 (9.3)	<.001	54.7 (9.2)	<.001	63.4 (10.8)	<.001
Current smoking, %	21.7	19.3	.358	16.8	.263	18.6	.211
Alcohol (≥5 days/week), %	23.0	22.2	.760	24.0	.834	20.8	.373
Fair or poor general health, %	30.3	50.6	<.001	28.4	.696	44.6	<.001
≥1 comorbidity, %	60.3	79.9	<.001	63.5	.520	80.4	<.001
Hormonal measurements
Total T, nmol/liter	18.4 (5.5)	14.2 (3.7)	<.001	9.6 (0.7)	<.001	7.8 (2.5)	<.001
Calculated free T, pmol/liter	325.7 (74.2)	194.3 (22.7)	<.001	246.8 (19.5)	<.001	159.8 (55.3)	<.001
Total estradiol, pmol/liter	76.7 (23.6)	70.1 (25.7)	<.001	58.9 (17.6)	<.001	54.8 (19.6)	<.001
Free estradiol, pmol/liter	1.3 (0.4)	1.0 (0.4)	<.001	1.2 (0.4)	.040	1.0 (0.4)	<.001
SHBG, nmol/liter	43.2 (17.2)	58.1 (21.9)	<.001	18.9 (4.2)	<.001	31.6 (15.0)	<.001
LH, U/liter	5.9 (3.0)	8.8 (6.8)	<.001	4.8 (2.2)	.006	6.9 (6.8)	<.001
TSH, U/liter	1.7 (1.2)	1.6 (1.2)	.680	1.7 (1.8)	.523	1.8 (1.7)	.050
Free T4, ng/dL	1.26 (0.22)	1.27 (0.23)	.403	1.24 (0.24)	.550	1.23 (0.24)	.030
IGF-1, ng/mL	134.5 (42.3)	116.5 (43.3)	<.001	152.9 (47.2)	<.001	128.3 (57.0)	.015
Sexual function
Overall sexual function score	21.8 (6.8)	17.6 (7.2)	<.001	23.1 (5.4)	.087	18.9 (7.5)	<.001
% men infrequent sexual thoughts	25.1	42.3	<.001	16.1	.052	39.7	<.001
% men erectile dysfunction	27.0	51.0	<.001	18.1	.059	45.2	<.001
% men infrequent morning erections	35.5	64.1	<.001	35.9	.934	51.7	<.001
% men with 3 sexual symptoms	9.3	25.9	<.001	5.5	.220	23.5	<.001
Physical function
Time to walk 50 feet, sec	13.4 (3.2)	25.0 (5.0)	<.001	13.2 (2.6)	.581	14.4 (3.3)	<.001
SF36 physical function score	50.7 (7.7)	46.2 (9.6)	<.001	50.9 (7.9)	.845	47.6 (8.9)	<.001
% men reduced vigorous activity	21.9	41.7	<.001	19.2	.529	38.6	<.001
% men impairment in walking 1 km	2.5	7.0	<.001	3.2	.678	7.0	<.001
% men impairment in bending	5.2	13.8	<.001	2.1	.199	12.0	<.001
Psychological function
Beck depression inventory score	6.7 (6.4)	8.1 (7.0)	.001	6.0 (5.7)	.262	7.8 (6.7)	.005
% men with sadness	4.0	5.4	.238	3.2	.697	6.0	.083
% men with loss of energy	5.3	9.5	.005	0		7.9	.059
% men with fatigue	4.9	8.7	.009	4.2	.747	9.2	.002
Biochemical measurements
Hemoglobin, g/liter	150.1 (10.7)	146.4 (10.9)	<.001	148.7 (9.4)	.243	146.2 (13.0)	<.001
hs-CRP, mg/liter	0.39 (0.66)	0.61 (1.11)	<.001	0.63 (0.94)	.016	0.77 (1.52)	<.001
Glucose, mmol/liter	5.5 (1.2)	6.0 (2.0)	<.001	6.0 (1.6)	<.001	6.2 (2.0)	<.001
HOMA-IR	2.9 (3.4)	4.3 (6.1)	<.001	4.4 (3.3)	<.001	5.5 (6.7)	<.001
Body composition parameters
Waist circumference, cm	97.1 (10.4)	99.9 (11.7)	<.001	105.4 (9.5)	<.001	106.5 (12.1)	<.001
Weight, kg	82.3 (12.9)	82.2 (14.7)	.924	92.3 (14.0)	<.001	90.9 (16.2)	<.001
BMI, kg/m²	27.2 (3.7)	27.7 (3.8)	.039	29.9 (3.9)	<.001	30.3 (4.4)	<.001
Estimated % body fat	27.4 (5.1)	28.0 (5.5)	.049	30.7 (4.2)	<.001	30.3 (5.3)	<.001
Mid-upper arm circumference (cm)	31.6 (3.1)	31.3 (3.5)	.108	33.8 (3.8)	<.001	33.6 (3.8)	<.001
Having MetS, %	29.3	44.6	<.001	63.2	<.001	62.5	<.001
Bone ultrasound measurements
Speed of sound, m/sec	1552 (32)	1542 (32)	<.001	1549 (27)	.395	1543 (30)	<.001
Broadband ultrasound attenuation, dB/MHz	80.7 (17.9)	74.9 (19.9)	<.001	81.1 (16.0)	.855	77.0 (18.0)	.001
Quantitative ultrasound index	98.4 (20.0)	91.8 (20.6)	<.001	97.3 (16.7)	.605	93.3 (19.1)	<.001
Estimated heel bone mineral density, g/cm²	0.55 (0.13)	0.50 (0.13)	<.001	0.54 (0.11)	.623	0.51 (0.12)	<.001

Normal TT

P Value

Low TT

P Value

Low TT

P Value

Normal cFT

Low cFT

Normal cFT

Low cFT

N, % 2641 (79.2%)

277 (8.3%)

96 (2.9%)

320 (9.6%)

General

Age, y

58.9 (10.7)

68.4 (9.3)

<.001

54.7 (9.2)

<.001

63.4 (10.8)

<.001

Current smoking, %

21.7

19.3

.358

16.8

.263

18.6

.211

Alcohol (≥5 days/week), %

23.0

22.2

.760

24.0

.834

20.8

.373

Fair or poor general health, %

30.3

50.6

<.001

28.4

.696

44.6

<.001

≥1 comorbidity, %

60.3

79.9

<.001

63.5

.520

80.4

<.001

Hormonal measurements

Total T, nmol/liter

18.4 (5.5)

14.2 (3.7)

<.001

9.6 (0.7)

<.001

7.8 (2.5)

<.001

Calculated free T, pmol/liter

325.7 (74.2)

194.3 (22.7)

<.001

246.8 (19.5)

<.001

159.8 (55.3)

<.001

Total estradiol, pmol/liter

76.7 (23.6)

70.1 (25.7)

<.001

58.9 (17.6)

<.001

54.8 (19.6)

<.001

Free estradiol, pmol/liter

1.3 (0.4)

1.0 (0.4)

<.001

1.2 (0.4)

.040

1.0 (0.4)

<.001

SHBG, nmol/liter

43.2 (17.2)

58.1 (21.9)

<.001

18.9 (4.2)

<.001

31.6 (15.0)

<.001

LH, U/liter

5.9 (3.0)

8.8 (6.8)

<.001

4.8 (2.2)

.006

6.9 (6.8)

<.001

TSH, U/liter

1.7 (1.2)

1.6 (1.2)

.680

1.7 (1.8)

.523

1.8 (1.7)

.050

Free T4, ng/dL

1.26 (0.22)

1.27 (0.23)

.403

1.24 (0.24)

.550

1.23 (0.24)

.030

IGF-1, ng/mL

134.5 (42.3)

116.5 (43.3)

<.001

152.9 (47.2)

<.001

128.3 (57.0)

.015

Sexual function

Overall sexual function score

21.8 (6.8)

17.6 (7.2)

<.001

23.1 (5.4)

.087

18.9 (7.5)

<.001

% men infrequent sexual thoughts

25.1

42.3

<.001

16.1

.052

39.7

<.001

% men erectile dysfunction

27.0

51.0

<.001

18.1

.059

45.2

<.001

% men infrequent morning erections

35.5

64.1

<.001

35.9

.934

51.7

<.001

% men with 3 sexual symptoms

9.3

25.9

<.001

5.5

.220

23.5

<.001

Physical function

Time to walk 50 feet, sec

13.4 (3.2)

25.0 (5.0)

<.001

13.2 (2.6)

.581

14.4 (3.3)

<.001

SF36 physical function score

50.7 (7.7)

46.2 (9.6)

<.001

50.9 (7.9)

.845

47.6 (8.9)

<.001

% men reduced vigorous activity

21.9

41.7

<.001

19.2

.529

38.6

<.001

% men impairment in walking 1 km

2.5

7.0

<.001

3.2

.678

7.0

<.001

% men impairment in bending

5.2

13.8

<.001

2.1

.199

12.0

<.001

Psychological function

Beck depression inventory score

6.7 (6.4)

8.1 (7.0)

.001

6.0 (5.7)

.262

7.8 (6.7)

.005

% men with sadness

4.0

5.4

.238

3.2

.697

6.0

.083

% men with loss of energy

5.3

9.5

.005

7.9

.059

% men with fatigue

4.9

8.7

.009

4.2

.747

9.2

.002

Biochemical measurements

Hemoglobin, g/liter

150.1 (10.7)

146.4 (10.9)

<.001

148.7 (9.4)

.243

146.2 (13.0)

<.001

hs-CRP, mg/liter

0.39 (0.66)

0.61 (1.11)

<.001

0.63 (0.94)

.016

0.77 (1.52)

<.001

Glucose, mmol/liter

5.5 (1.2)

6.0 (2.0)

<.001

6.0 (1.6)

<.001

6.2 (2.0)

<.001

HOMA-IR

2.9 (3.4)

4.3 (6.1)

<.001

4.4 (3.3)

<.001

5.5 (6.7)

<.001

Body composition parameters

Waist circumference, cm

97.1 (10.4)

99.9 (11.7)

<.001

105.4 (9.5)

<.001

106.5 (12.1)

<.001

Weight, kg

82.3 (12.9)

82.2 (14.7)

.924

92.3 (14.0)

<.001

90.9 (16.2)

<.001

BMI, kg/m²

27.2 (3.7)

27.7 (3.8)

.039

29.9 (3.9)

<.001

30.3 (4.4)

<.001

Estimated % body fat

27.4 (5.1)

28.0 (5.5)

.049

30.7 (4.2)

<.001

30.3 (5.3)

<.001

Mid-upper arm circumference (cm)

31.6 (3.1)

31.3 (3.5)

.108

33.8 (3.8)

<.001

33.6 (3.8)

<.001

Having MetS, %

29.3

44.6

<.001

63.2

<.001

62.5

<.001

Bone ultrasound measurements

Speed of sound, m/sec

1552 (32)

1542 (32)

<.001

1549 (27)

.395

1543 (30)

<.001

Broadband ultrasound attenuation, dB/MHz

80.7 (17.9)

74.9 (19.9)

<.001

81.1 (16.0)

.855

77.0 (18.0)

.001

Quantitative ultrasound index

98.4 (20.0)

91.8 (20.6)

<.001

97.3 (16.7)

.605

93.3 (19.1)

<.001

Estimated heel bone mineral density, g/cm²

0.55 (0.13)

0.50 (0.13)

<.001

0.54 (0.11)

.623

0.51 (0.12)

<.001

Table 1.

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Subject Characteristics According to T Status

	Normal TT	Normal TT	P Value	Low TT	P Value	Low TT	P Value
	Normal cFT	Low cFT	P Value	Normal cFT	P Value	Low cFT	P Value
N, % 2641 (79.2%)	277 (8.3%)		96 (2.9%)		320 (9.6%)
General
Age, y	58.9 (10.7)	68.4 (9.3)	<.001	54.7 (9.2)	<.001	63.4 (10.8)	<.001
Current smoking, %	21.7	19.3	.358	16.8	.263	18.6	.211
Alcohol (≥5 days/week), %	23.0	22.2	.760	24.0	.834	20.8	.373
Fair or poor general health, %	30.3	50.6	<.001	28.4	.696	44.6	<.001
≥1 comorbidity, %	60.3	79.9	<.001	63.5	.520	80.4	<.001
Hormonal measurements
Total T, nmol/liter	18.4 (5.5)	14.2 (3.7)	<.001	9.6 (0.7)	<.001	7.8 (2.5)	<.001
Calculated free T, pmol/liter	325.7 (74.2)	194.3 (22.7)	<.001	246.8 (19.5)	<.001	159.8 (55.3)	<.001
Total estradiol, pmol/liter	76.7 (23.6)	70.1 (25.7)	<.001	58.9 (17.6)	<.001	54.8 (19.6)	<.001
Free estradiol, pmol/liter	1.3 (0.4)	1.0 (0.4)	<.001	1.2 (0.4)	.040	1.0 (0.4)	<.001
SHBG, nmol/liter	43.2 (17.2)	58.1 (21.9)	<.001	18.9 (4.2)	<.001	31.6 (15.0)	<.001
LH, U/liter	5.9 (3.0)	8.8 (6.8)	<.001	4.8 (2.2)	.006	6.9 (6.8)	<.001
TSH, U/liter	1.7 (1.2)	1.6 (1.2)	.680	1.7 (1.8)	.523	1.8 (1.7)	.050
Free T4, ng/dL	1.26 (0.22)	1.27 (0.23)	.403	1.24 (0.24)	.550	1.23 (0.24)	.030
IGF-1, ng/mL	134.5 (42.3)	116.5 (43.3)	<.001	152.9 (47.2)	<.001	128.3 (57.0)	.015
Sexual function
Overall sexual function score	21.8 (6.8)	17.6 (7.2)	<.001	23.1 (5.4)	.087	18.9 (7.5)	<.001
% men infrequent sexual thoughts	25.1	42.3	<.001	16.1	.052	39.7	<.001
% men erectile dysfunction	27.0	51.0	<.001	18.1	.059	45.2	<.001
% men infrequent morning erections	35.5	64.1	<.001	35.9	.934	51.7	<.001
% men with 3 sexual symptoms	9.3	25.9	<.001	5.5	.220	23.5	<.001
Physical function
Time to walk 50 feet, sec	13.4 (3.2)	25.0 (5.0)	<.001	13.2 (2.6)	.581	14.4 (3.3)	<.001
SF36 physical function score	50.7 (7.7)	46.2 (9.6)	<.001	50.9 (7.9)	.845	47.6 (8.9)	<.001
% men reduced vigorous activity	21.9	41.7	<.001	19.2	.529	38.6	<.001
% men impairment in walking 1 km	2.5	7.0	<.001	3.2	.678	7.0	<.001
% men impairment in bending	5.2	13.8	<.001	2.1	.199	12.0	<.001
Psychological function
Beck depression inventory score	6.7 (6.4)	8.1 (7.0)	.001	6.0 (5.7)	.262	7.8 (6.7)	.005
% men with sadness	4.0	5.4	.238	3.2	.697	6.0	.083
% men with loss of energy	5.3	9.5	.005	0		7.9	.059
% men with fatigue	4.9	8.7	.009	4.2	.747	9.2	.002
Biochemical measurements
Hemoglobin, g/liter	150.1 (10.7)	146.4 (10.9)	<.001	148.7 (9.4)	.243	146.2 (13.0)	<.001
hs-CRP, mg/liter	0.39 (0.66)	0.61 (1.11)	<.001	0.63 (0.94)	.016	0.77 (1.52)	<.001
Glucose, mmol/liter	5.5 (1.2)	6.0 (2.0)	<.001	6.0 (1.6)	<.001	6.2 (2.0)	<.001
HOMA-IR	2.9 (3.4)	4.3 (6.1)	<.001	4.4 (3.3)	<.001	5.5 (6.7)	<.001
Body composition parameters
Waist circumference, cm	97.1 (10.4)	99.9 (11.7)	<.001	105.4 (9.5)	<.001	106.5 (12.1)	<.001
Weight, kg	82.3 (12.9)	82.2 (14.7)	.924	92.3 (14.0)	<.001	90.9 (16.2)	<.001
BMI, kg/m²	27.2 (3.7)	27.7 (3.8)	.039	29.9 (3.9)	<.001	30.3 (4.4)	<.001
Estimated % body fat	27.4 (5.1)	28.0 (5.5)	.049	30.7 (4.2)	<.001	30.3 (5.3)	<.001
Mid-upper arm circumference (cm)	31.6 (3.1)	31.3 (3.5)	.108	33.8 (3.8)	<.001	33.6 (3.8)	<.001
Having MetS, %	29.3	44.6	<.001	63.2	<.001	62.5	<.001
Bone ultrasound measurements
Speed of sound, m/sec	1552 (32)	1542 (32)	<.001	1549 (27)	.395	1543 (30)	<.001
Broadband ultrasound attenuation, dB/MHz	80.7 (17.9)	74.9 (19.9)	<.001	81.1 (16.0)	.855	77.0 (18.0)	.001
Quantitative ultrasound index	98.4 (20.0)	91.8 (20.6)	<.001	97.3 (16.7)	.605	93.3 (19.1)	<.001
Estimated heel bone mineral density, g/cm²	0.55 (0.13)	0.50 (0.13)	<.001	0.54 (0.11)	.623	0.51 (0.12)	<.001

	Normal TT	Normal TT	P Value	Low TT	P Value	Low TT	P Value
	Normal cFT	Low cFT	P Value	Normal cFT	P Value	Low cFT	P Value
N, % 2641 (79.2%)	277 (8.3%)		96 (2.9%)		320 (9.6%)
General
Age, y	58.9 (10.7)	68.4 (9.3)	<.001	54.7 (9.2)	<.001	63.4 (10.8)	<.001
Current smoking, %	21.7	19.3	.358	16.8	.263	18.6	.211
Alcohol (≥5 days/week), %	23.0	22.2	.760	24.0	.834	20.8	.373
Fair or poor general health, %	30.3	50.6	<.001	28.4	.696	44.6	<.001
≥1 comorbidity, %	60.3	79.9	<.001	63.5	.520	80.4	<.001
Hormonal measurements
Total T, nmol/liter	18.4 (5.5)	14.2 (3.7)	<.001	9.6 (0.7)	<.001	7.8 (2.5)	<.001
Calculated free T, pmol/liter	325.7 (74.2)	194.3 (22.7)	<.001	246.8 (19.5)	<.001	159.8 (55.3)	<.001
Total estradiol, pmol/liter	76.7 (23.6)	70.1 (25.7)	<.001	58.9 (17.6)	<.001	54.8 (19.6)	<.001
Free estradiol, pmol/liter	1.3 (0.4)	1.0 (0.4)	<.001	1.2 (0.4)	.040	1.0 (0.4)	<.001
SHBG, nmol/liter	43.2 (17.2)	58.1 (21.9)	<.001	18.9 (4.2)	<.001	31.6 (15.0)	<.001
LH, U/liter	5.9 (3.0)	8.8 (6.8)	<.001	4.8 (2.2)	.006	6.9 (6.8)	<.001
TSH, U/liter	1.7 (1.2)	1.6 (1.2)	.680	1.7 (1.8)	.523	1.8 (1.7)	.050
Free T4, ng/dL	1.26 (0.22)	1.27 (0.23)	.403	1.24 (0.24)	.550	1.23 (0.24)	.030
IGF-1, ng/mL	134.5 (42.3)	116.5 (43.3)	<.001	152.9 (47.2)	<.001	128.3 (57.0)	.015
Sexual function
Overall sexual function score	21.8 (6.8)	17.6 (7.2)	<.001	23.1 (5.4)	.087	18.9 (7.5)	<.001
% men infrequent sexual thoughts	25.1	42.3	<.001	16.1	.052	39.7	<.001
% men erectile dysfunction	27.0	51.0	<.001	18.1	.059	45.2	<.001
% men infrequent morning erections	35.5	64.1	<.001	35.9	.934	51.7	<.001
% men with 3 sexual symptoms	9.3	25.9	<.001	5.5	.220	23.5	<.001
Physical function
Time to walk 50 feet, sec	13.4 (3.2)	25.0 (5.0)	<.001	13.2 (2.6)	.581	14.4 (3.3)	<.001
SF36 physical function score	50.7 (7.7)	46.2 (9.6)	<.001	50.9 (7.9)	.845	47.6 (8.9)	<.001
% men reduced vigorous activity	21.9	41.7	<.001	19.2	.529	38.6	<.001
% men impairment in walking 1 km	2.5	7.0	<.001	3.2	.678	7.0	<.001
% men impairment in bending	5.2	13.8	<.001	2.1	.199	12.0	<.001
Psychological function
Beck depression inventory score	6.7 (6.4)	8.1 (7.0)	.001	6.0 (5.7)	.262	7.8 (6.7)	.005
% men with sadness	4.0	5.4	.238	3.2	.697	6.0	.083
% men with loss of energy	5.3	9.5	.005	0		7.9	.059
% men with fatigue	4.9	8.7	.009	4.2	.747	9.2	.002
Biochemical measurements
Hemoglobin, g/liter	150.1 (10.7)	146.4 (10.9)	<.001	148.7 (9.4)	.243	146.2 (13.0)	<.001
hs-CRP, mg/liter	0.39 (0.66)	0.61 (1.11)	<.001	0.63 (0.94)	.016	0.77 (1.52)	<.001
Glucose, mmol/liter	5.5 (1.2)	6.0 (2.0)	<.001	6.0 (1.6)	<.001	6.2 (2.0)	<.001
HOMA-IR	2.9 (3.4)	4.3 (6.1)	<.001	4.4 (3.3)	<.001	5.5 (6.7)	<.001
Body composition parameters
Waist circumference, cm	97.1 (10.4)	99.9 (11.7)	<.001	105.4 (9.5)	<.001	106.5 (12.1)	<.001
Weight, kg	82.3 (12.9)	82.2 (14.7)	.924	92.3 (14.0)	<.001	90.9 (16.2)	<.001
BMI, kg/m²	27.2 (3.7)	27.7 (3.8)	.039	29.9 (3.9)	<.001	30.3 (4.4)	<.001
Estimated % body fat	27.4 (5.1)	28.0 (5.5)	.049	30.7 (4.2)	<.001	30.3 (5.3)	<.001
Mid-upper arm circumference (cm)	31.6 (3.1)	31.3 (3.5)	.108	33.8 (3.8)	<.001	33.6 (3.8)	<.001
Having MetS, %	29.3	44.6	<.001	63.2	<.001	62.5	<.001
Bone ultrasound measurements
Speed of sound, m/sec	1552 (32)	1542 (32)	<.001	1549 (27)	.395	1543 (30)	<.001
Broadband ultrasound attenuation, dB/MHz	80.7 (17.9)	74.9 (19.9)	<.001	81.1 (16.0)	.855	77.0 (18.0)	.001
Quantitative ultrasound index	98.4 (20.0)	91.8 (20.6)	<.001	97.3 (16.7)	.605	93.3 (19.1)	<.001
Estimated heel bone mineral density, g/cm²	0.55 (0.13)	0.50 (0.13)	<.001	0.54 (0.11)	.623	0.51 (0.12)	<.001

Continuous variables are expressed as mean (standard deviation), categorical variables as percentages. P value for unadjusted linear (continuous variables) and logistic (categorical variables) regression, with normal TT/normal cFT as the referent group.

TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone; free T4, free thyroxin; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.

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