Table 2. Open in new tab Twenty-Year OS,...

Independent Variable	OS (95% CI)	PFS (95% CI)	EEFS (95% CI)	EMS (95% CI)
Age
>5 y	88.7 (76.1–100.0)	1.00		53.4 (36.1–70.8)	1.00		23.8 (13.2–34.5)	1.00		−0.02 (−0.07–0.04)	.600
1–5 y	80.0 (60.6–99.3)	1.05 (0.28–3.94)	.945	49.5 (34.4–64.5)	1.17 (0.69–2.00)	.566	25.6 (11.1–40.0)	0.64 (0.43–0.97)	.034
<1 y	62.9 (32.6–93.1)	5.29 (1.32–21.22)	.019	6.7 (0.0–23.2)	5.26 (2.66–10.42)	<.001	0.0^c	1.40 (0.78–2.53)	.260
Sex
Male	78.8 (55.7–100.0)	1.00		45.7 (27.5–63.8)	1.00		26.7 (14.2–39.2)	1.00		−0.11 (−0.54–0.32)
Female	82.6 (59.4–95.8)	1.02 (0.34–3.03)	.978	48.4 (36.8–60.1)	1.37 (0.84–2.23)	.211	16.5 (5.6–27.5)	0.99 (0.68–1.45)	.972
Ethnicity (n = 150)
White	88.3 (79.6–96.9)	1.00		46.8 (34.2–59.4)	1.00		21.9 (11.7–32.0)	1.00		0.01 (−0.53–0.55)	.979
Nonwhite	36.5 (0.0–89.5)	2.43 (0.73–8.13)	.151	37.3 (15.6–59.1)	1.49 (0.85–2.62)	.161	10.5 (0.0–27.4)	1.24 (0.79–1.96)	.350
NF-1
negative	78.5 (63.4–93.7)	1.00		37.6 (24.9–50.3)	1.00		13.0 (4.7–21.3)	1.00		−0.96 (−1.37 to –0.55)	<.001
Positive	88.2 (73.6–100.0)	0.52 (0.14–1.90)	.520	62.8 (45.0–80.7)	0.43 (0.25–0.74)	.002	33.0 (15.3–50.8)	0.45 (0.30–0.68)	<.001
Symptomatic
No	95.7 (87.6–100.0)	1.00		73.9 (56.0–91.9)	1.00		10.6 (0.0–37.4)	1.00		1.00 (0.44–1.56)	.001
Yes	80.2 (67.3–93.1)	1.53 (0.20–11.96)	.686	44.0 (32.9–55.1)	1.97 (0.85–4.56)	.114	20.1 (11.8–28.4)	1.93 (1.06–3.52)	.032
Diencephalic syndrome										1.40 (0.63–2.17)	<.001
No	80.8 (66.8–94.8)	1.00		53.3 (42.5–64.1)	1.00		23.5 (14.3–32.7)	1.00
Yes	78.3 (50.8–100.0)	1.99 (0.44–9.04)	.375	0.0^b	4.13 (2.19–7.79)	<.001	0.0^c	1.74 (0.95–3.18)	.073
Tumor stage
MDC 1	89.1 (74.2–100.0)	1.00		68.3 (33.1–100.0)	1.00		54.4 (21.0–87.8)	1.00		0.27 (0.05–0.49)	.019
MDC 2	82.8 (64.9–100.0)	0.81 (0.16–4.23)	.806	48.7 (34.3–63.2)	3.64 (1.29–10.30)	.015	13.5 (2.7–24.3)	4.31 (2.05–9.08)	<.001
MDC 3/4	80.0 (55.2–100.0)	0.71 (0.10–5.07)	.735	37.3 (13.8–60.9)	4.00 (1.34–11.97)	.013	21.7 (6.4–37.0)	3.45 (1.55–7.70)	.002
MDC other midline	80.4 (62.7–98.0)	1.82 (0.33–10.03)	.491	33.6 (12.7–54.6)	4.93 (1.63–14.87)	.005	14.1 (0.0–29.2)	3.94 (1.74–8.91)	.001
Hypothalamic involvement										1.11 (0.71–1.52)	<.001
No	87.3 (76.4–98.3)	1.00		60.3 (46.4–74.3)	1.00		38.6 (25.9–51.3)	1.00
Yes	73.1 (49.7–96.5)	1.75 (0.59–5.20)	.318	27.9 (12.5–43.3)	2.86 (1.75–4.67)	<.001	0.0^c	3.03 (2.04–4.48)	<.001
Leptomeningeal metastases										1.46 (0.33–2.58)	.012
No	80.4 (67.4–93.3)	1.00		48.7 (37.8–59.5)	1.00		22.0 (13.3–30.7)	1.00
Yes	100.0^a	0.05 (0.00-∞)	.630	0.0^b	2.09 (0.76–5.78)	.155	0.0^c	0.95 (0.35–2.59)	.922
Hydrocephalus
No	87.4 (86.8–87.1)	1.00		54.5 (41.0–68.0)	1.00		24.6 (12.6–36.5)	1.00		0.47 (0.03–0.91)	.037
Yes	72.1 (47.5–96.8)	2.00 (0.67–5.99)	.213	35.0 (18.2–51.7)	1.64 (1.01–2.66)	.045	14.9 (3.7–26.2)	1.65 (1.13–2.42)	.010
Tumor grade (n = 63)
Grade I	87.0 (76.7–94.7)	1.00		23.2 (6.93–39.5)	1.00		10.6 (0.0–21.4)	1.00		0.30 (−0.73–1.34)	.559
Grade II	60.3 (10.6–100.0)	2.71 (0.44–16.56)	.280	35.9 (6.2–65.5)	1.02 (0.45–2.32)	.961	5.6 (0.0–20.0)	1.86 (0.95–3.64)	.072
Primary treatment strategy
Untreated	91.9 (82.9–100.0)	1.00		59.3 (38.4–80.3)	1.00		33.3 (14.7–52.0)	1.00
Resection	78.0 (55.6–100.0)	0.70 (0.21–2.29)	.553	42.7 (27.9–57.4)	1.39 (0.85–2.27)	.184	11.7 (1.0–22.5)	1.76 (1.20–2.59)	.004	0.66 (0.21–1.11)	.004
Decompression	68.7 (38.3–99.0)	1.52 (0.50–4.65)	.466	33.3 (15.5–51.1)	1.61 (0.98–2.63)	.060	9.5 (0.0–19.6)	1.85 (1.25–2.74)	.002	0.58 (0.12–1.04)	.014
Radiotherapy	71.8 (47.6–95.9)	2.04 (0.68–6.11)	.201	40.9 (21.2–60.6)	1.05 (0.62–1.77)	.865	4.1 (0.0–10.4)	2.99 (2.00–4.46)	<.001	1.06 (0.60–1.51)	<.001
Chemotherapy	84.7 (65.8–100.0)	1.01 (0.28–3.67)	.989	39.9 (22.6–57.2)	1.64 (0.97–2.76)	.063	9.1 (0.0–22.1)	0.87 (0.56–1.33)	.515	−0.13 (−0.62–0.36)	.603
Final treatment strategy
Untreated	100.0^b	1.00		—	—	—	34.3 (8.2–60.4)	1.00
Resection	76.5 (57.3–95.7)	1.06 (0.35–3.19)	.923	—	—	—	11.9 (1.8–22.0)	1.68 (1.15–2.45)	.008	0.76 (0.33–1.19)	.001
Decompression	68.1 (46.5–89.7)	3.27 (1.00–10.66)	.049	—	—	—	10.1 (1.2–19.0)	1.75 (1.20–2.55)	.004	0.64 (0.21–1.06)	.004
Radiotherapy	73.5 (55.0–92.0)	2.41 (0.74–7.86)	.145	—	—	—	3.0 (0.0–8.2)	3.39 (2.28–5.04)	<.001	1.37 (0.99–1.75)	<.001
Chemotherapy	75.3 (52.0–98.5)	1.01 (0.33–3.10)	.986	—	—	—	13.8 (1.0–26.7)	0.94 (0.64–1.39)	.751	0.21 (−0.24–0.65)	.355
Treatment era
1980–1996	78.0 (63.7–92.4)	1.00		51.8 (38.2–65.5)	1.00		24.9 (12.4–37.4)	1.00		−0.38 (−0.63 to –0.13)	.003
1997–2004	88.7 (74.2–100.0)	0.53 (0.14–2.00)	.529	39.8 (16.9–62.6)	1.01 (0.57–1.78)	.968	20.5 (5.1–35.8)	0.92 (0.59–1.45)	.728
2005–2010	97.1 (91.5–100.0)	0.53 (0.06–4.80)	.534	53.8 (38.2–69.5)	1.41 (0.77–2.61)	.269	19.2 (1.4–36.9)	1.27 (0.80–2.04)	.316
No. progressions	—	1.43 (1.08–1.90)	.012	—	—	—	—	1.16 (1.01–1.32)	.030	0.40 (0.22–0.58)	<.001
No. surgeries	—	1.04 (0.96–1.14)	.327	—	—	—	—	1.04 (1.01–1.08)	.026	0.14 (0.08–0.19)	<.001

Independent Variable

OS (95% CI)

PFS (95% CI)

EEFS (95% CI)

EMS (95% CI)

20-Year OS

Crude HR

20-Year PFS

Crude HR

20-Year EEFS

Crude HR

Crude β

Age

>5 y

88.7 (76.1–100.0)

1.00

53.4 (36.1–70.8)

1.00

23.8 (13.2–34.5)

1.00

−0.02 (−0.07–0.04)

.600

1–5 y

80.0 (60.6–99.3)

1.05 (0.28–3.94)

.945

49.5 (34.4–64.5)

1.17 (0.69–2.00)

.566

25.6 (11.1–40.0)

0.64 (0.43–0.97)

.034

<1 y

62.9 (32.6–93.1)

5.29 (1.32–21.22)

.019

6.7 (0.0–23.2)

5.26 (2.66–10.42)

<.001

0.0^c

1.40 (0.78–2.53)

.260

Sex

Male

78.8 (55.7–100.0)

1.00

45.7 (27.5–63.8)

1.00

26.7 (14.2–39.2)

1.00

−0.11 (−0.54–0.32)

Female

82.6 (59.4–95.8)

1.02 (0.34–3.03)

.978

48.4 (36.8–60.1)

1.37 (0.84–2.23)

.211

16.5 (5.6–27.5)

0.99 (0.68–1.45)

.972

Ethnicity (n = 150)

White

88.3 (79.6–96.9)

1.00

46.8 (34.2–59.4)

1.00

21.9 (11.7–32.0)

1.00

0.01 (−0.53–0.55)

.979

Nonwhite

36.5 (0.0–89.5)

2.43 (0.73–8.13)

.151

37.3 (15.6–59.1)

1.49 (0.85–2.62)

.161

10.5 (0.0–27.4)

1.24 (0.79–1.96)

.350

NF-1

negative

78.5 (63.4–93.7)

1.00

37.6 (24.9–50.3)

1.00

13.0 (4.7–21.3)

1.00

−0.96 (−1.37 to –0.55)

<.001

Positive

88.2 (73.6–100.0)

0.52 (0.14–1.90)

.520

62.8 (45.0–80.7)

0.43 (0.25–0.74)

.002

33.0 (15.3–50.8)

0.45 (0.30–0.68)

<.001

Symptomatic

95.7 (87.6–100.0)

1.00

73.9 (56.0–91.9)

1.00

10.6 (0.0–37.4)

1.00

1.00 (0.44–1.56)

.001

Yes

80.2 (67.3–93.1)

1.53 (0.20–11.96)

.686

44.0 (32.9–55.1)

1.97 (0.85–4.56)

.114

20.1 (11.8–28.4)

1.93 (1.06–3.52)

.032

Diencephalic syndrome

1.40 (0.63–2.17)

<.001

80.8 (66.8–94.8)

1.00

53.3 (42.5–64.1)

1.00

23.5 (14.3–32.7)

1.00

Yes

78.3 (50.8–100.0)

1.99 (0.44–9.04)

.375

0.0^b

4.13 (2.19–7.79)

<.001

0.0^c

1.74 (0.95–3.18)

.073

Tumor stage

MDC 1

89.1 (74.2–100.0)

1.00

68.3 (33.1–100.0)

1.00

54.4 (21.0–87.8)

1.00

0.27 (0.05–0.49)

.019

MDC 2

82.8 (64.9–100.0)

0.81 (0.16–4.23)

.806

48.7 (34.3–63.2)

3.64 (1.29–10.30)

.015

13.5 (2.7–24.3)

4.31 (2.05–9.08)

<.001

MDC 3/4

80.0 (55.2–100.0)

0.71 (0.10–5.07)

.735

37.3 (13.8–60.9)

4.00 (1.34–11.97)

.013

21.7 (6.4–37.0)

3.45 (1.55–7.70)

.002

MDC other midline

80.4 (62.7–98.0)

1.82 (0.33–10.03)

.491

33.6 (12.7–54.6)

4.93 (1.63–14.87)

.005

14.1 (0.0–29.2)

3.94 (1.74–8.91)

.001

Hypothalamic involvement

1.11 (0.71–1.52)

<.001

87.3 (76.4–98.3)

1.00

60.3 (46.4–74.3)

1.00

38.6 (25.9–51.3)

1.00

Yes

73.1 (49.7–96.5)

1.75 (0.59–5.20)

.318

27.9 (12.5–43.3)

2.86 (1.75–4.67)

<.001

0.0^c

3.03 (2.04–4.48)

<.001

Leptomeningeal metastases

1.46 (0.33–2.58)

.012

80.4 (67.4–93.3)

1.00

48.7 (37.8–59.5)

1.00

22.0 (13.3–30.7)

1.00

Yes

100.0^a

0.05 (0.00-∞)

.630

0.0^b

2.09 (0.76–5.78)

.155

0.0^c

0.95 (0.35–2.59)

.922

Hydrocephalus

87.4 (86.8–87.1)

1.00

54.5 (41.0–68.0)

1.00

24.6 (12.6–36.5)

1.00

0.47 (0.03–0.91)

.037

Yes

72.1 (47.5–96.8)

2.00 (0.67–5.99)

.213

35.0 (18.2–51.7)

1.64 (1.01–2.66)

.045

14.9 (3.7–26.2)

1.65 (1.13–2.42)

.010

Tumor grade (n = 63)

Grade I

87.0 (76.7–94.7)

1.00

23.2 (6.93–39.5)

1.00

10.6 (0.0–21.4)

1.00

0.30 (−0.73–1.34)

.559

Grade II

60.3 (10.6–100.0)

2.71 (0.44–16.56)

.280

35.9 (6.2–65.5)

1.02 (0.45–2.32)

.961

5.6 (0.0–20.0)

1.86 (0.95–3.64)

.072

Primary treatment strategy

Untreated

91.9 (82.9–100.0)

1.00

59.3 (38.4–80.3)

1.00

33.3 (14.7–52.0)

1.00

Resection

78.0 (55.6–100.0)

0.70 (0.21–2.29)

.553

42.7 (27.9–57.4)

1.39 (0.85–2.27)

.184

11.7 (1.0–22.5)

1.76 (1.20–2.59)

.004

0.66 (0.21–1.11)

.004

Decompression

68.7 (38.3–99.0)

1.52 (0.50–4.65)

.466

33.3 (15.5–51.1)

1.61 (0.98–2.63)

.060

9.5 (0.0–19.6)

1.85 (1.25–2.74)

.002

0.58 (0.12–1.04)

.014

Radiotherapy

71.8 (47.6–95.9)

2.04 (0.68–6.11)

.201

40.9 (21.2–60.6)

1.05 (0.62–1.77)

.865

4.1 (0.0–10.4)

2.99 (2.00–4.46)

<.001

1.06 (0.60–1.51)

<.001

Chemotherapy

84.7 (65.8–100.0)

1.01 (0.28–3.67)

.989

39.9 (22.6–57.2)

1.64 (0.97–2.76)

.063

9.1 (0.0–22.1)

0.87 (0.56–1.33)

.515

−0.13 (−0.62–0.36)

.603

Final treatment strategy

Untreated

100.0^b

1.00

—

34.3 (8.2–60.4)

1.00

Resection

76.5 (57.3–95.7)

1.06 (0.35–3.19)

.923

—

11.9 (1.8–22.0)

1.68 (1.15–2.45)

.008

0.76 (0.33–1.19)

.001

Decompression

68.1 (46.5–89.7)

3.27 (1.00–10.66)

.049

—

10.1 (1.2–19.0)

1.75 (1.20–2.55)

.004

0.64 (0.21–1.06)

.004

Radiotherapy

73.5 (55.0–92.0)

2.41 (0.74–7.86)

.145

—

3.0 (0.0–8.2)

3.39 (2.28–5.04)

<.001

1.37 (0.99–1.75)

<.001

Chemotherapy

75.3 (52.0–98.5)

1.01 (0.33–3.10)

.986

—

13.8 (1.0–26.7)

0.94 (0.64–1.39)

.751

0.21 (−0.24–0.65)

.355

Treatment era

1980–1996

78.0 (63.7–92.4)

1.00

51.8 (38.2–65.5)

1.00

24.9 (12.4–37.4)

1.00

−0.38 (−0.63 to –0.13)

.003

1997–2004

88.7 (74.2–100.0)

0.53 (0.14–2.00)

.529

39.8 (16.9–62.6)

1.01 (0.57–1.78)

.968

20.5 (5.1–35.8)

0.92 (0.59–1.45)

.728

2005–2010

97.1 (91.5–100.0)

0.53 (0.06–4.80)

.534

53.8 (38.2–69.5)

1.41 (0.77–2.61)

.269

19.2 (1.4–36.9)

1.27 (0.80–2.04)

.316

No. progressions

—

1.43 (1.08–1.90)

.012

—

1.16 (1.01–1.32)

.030

0.40 (0.22–0.58)

<.001

No. surgeries

—

1.04 (0.96–1.14)

.327

—

1.04 (1.01–1.08)

.026

0.14 (0.08–0.19)

<.001

Independent Variable	OS (95% CI)	PFS (95% CI)	EEFS (95% CI)	EMS (95% CI)
Age
>5 y	88.7 (76.1–100.0)	1.00		53.4 (36.1–70.8)	1.00		23.8 (13.2–34.5)	1.00		−0.02 (−0.07–0.04)	.600
1–5 y	80.0 (60.6–99.3)	1.05 (0.28–3.94)	.945	49.5 (34.4–64.5)	1.17 (0.69–2.00)	.566	25.6 (11.1–40.0)	0.64 (0.43–0.97)	.034
<1 y	62.9 (32.6–93.1)	5.29 (1.32–21.22)	.019	6.7 (0.0–23.2)	5.26 (2.66–10.42)	<.001	0.0^c	1.40 (0.78–2.53)	.260
Sex
Male	78.8 (55.7–100.0)	1.00		45.7 (27.5–63.8)	1.00		26.7 (14.2–39.2)	1.00		−0.11 (−0.54–0.32)
Female	82.6 (59.4–95.8)	1.02 (0.34–3.03)	.978	48.4 (36.8–60.1)	1.37 (0.84–2.23)	.211	16.5 (5.6–27.5)	0.99 (0.68–1.45)	.972
Ethnicity (n = 150)
White	88.3 (79.6–96.9)	1.00		46.8 (34.2–59.4)	1.00		21.9 (11.7–32.0)	1.00		0.01 (−0.53–0.55)	.979
Nonwhite	36.5 (0.0–89.5)	2.43 (0.73–8.13)	.151	37.3 (15.6–59.1)	1.49 (0.85–2.62)	.161	10.5 (0.0–27.4)	1.24 (0.79–1.96)	.350
NF-1
negative	78.5 (63.4–93.7)	1.00		37.6 (24.9–50.3)	1.00		13.0 (4.7–21.3)	1.00		−0.96 (−1.37 to –0.55)	<.001
Positive	88.2 (73.6–100.0)	0.52 (0.14–1.90)	.520	62.8 (45.0–80.7)	0.43 (0.25–0.74)	.002	33.0 (15.3–50.8)	0.45 (0.30–0.68)	<.001
Symptomatic
No	95.7 (87.6–100.0)	1.00		73.9 (56.0–91.9)	1.00		10.6 (0.0–37.4)	1.00		1.00 (0.44–1.56)	.001
Yes	80.2 (67.3–93.1)	1.53 (0.20–11.96)	.686	44.0 (32.9–55.1)	1.97 (0.85–4.56)	.114	20.1 (11.8–28.4)	1.93 (1.06–3.52)	.032
Diencephalic syndrome										1.40 (0.63–2.17)	<.001
No	80.8 (66.8–94.8)	1.00		53.3 (42.5–64.1)	1.00		23.5 (14.3–32.7)	1.00
Yes	78.3 (50.8–100.0)	1.99 (0.44–9.04)	.375	0.0^b	4.13 (2.19–7.79)	<.001	0.0^c	1.74 (0.95–3.18)	.073
Tumor stage
MDC 1	89.1 (74.2–100.0)	1.00		68.3 (33.1–100.0)	1.00		54.4 (21.0–87.8)	1.00		0.27 (0.05–0.49)	.019
MDC 2	82.8 (64.9–100.0)	0.81 (0.16–4.23)	.806	48.7 (34.3–63.2)	3.64 (1.29–10.30)	.015	13.5 (2.7–24.3)	4.31 (2.05–9.08)	<.001
MDC 3/4	80.0 (55.2–100.0)	0.71 (0.10–5.07)	.735	37.3 (13.8–60.9)	4.00 (1.34–11.97)	.013	21.7 (6.4–37.0)	3.45 (1.55–7.70)	.002
MDC other midline	80.4 (62.7–98.0)	1.82 (0.33–10.03)	.491	33.6 (12.7–54.6)	4.93 (1.63–14.87)	.005	14.1 (0.0–29.2)	3.94 (1.74–8.91)	.001
Hypothalamic involvement										1.11 (0.71–1.52)	<.001
No	87.3 (76.4–98.3)	1.00		60.3 (46.4–74.3)	1.00		38.6 (25.9–51.3)	1.00
Yes	73.1 (49.7–96.5)	1.75 (0.59–5.20)	.318	27.9 (12.5–43.3)	2.86 (1.75–4.67)	<.001	0.0^c	3.03 (2.04–4.48)	<.001
Leptomeningeal metastases										1.46 (0.33–2.58)	.012
No	80.4 (67.4–93.3)	1.00		48.7 (37.8–59.5)	1.00		22.0 (13.3–30.7)	1.00
Yes	100.0^a	0.05 (0.00-∞)	.630	0.0^b	2.09 (0.76–5.78)	.155	0.0^c	0.95 (0.35–2.59)	.922
Hydrocephalus
No	87.4 (86.8–87.1)	1.00		54.5 (41.0–68.0)	1.00		24.6 (12.6–36.5)	1.00		0.47 (0.03–0.91)	.037
Yes	72.1 (47.5–96.8)	2.00 (0.67–5.99)	.213	35.0 (18.2–51.7)	1.64 (1.01–2.66)	.045	14.9 (3.7–26.2)	1.65 (1.13–2.42)	.010
Tumor grade (n = 63)
Grade I	87.0 (76.7–94.7)	1.00		23.2 (6.93–39.5)	1.00		10.6 (0.0–21.4)	1.00		0.30 (−0.73–1.34)	.559
Grade II	60.3 (10.6–100.0)	2.71 (0.44–16.56)	.280	35.9 (6.2–65.5)	1.02 (0.45–2.32)	.961	5.6 (0.0–20.0)	1.86 (0.95–3.64)	.072
Primary treatment strategy
Untreated	91.9 (82.9–100.0)	1.00		59.3 (38.4–80.3)	1.00		33.3 (14.7–52.0)	1.00
Resection	78.0 (55.6–100.0)	0.70 (0.21–2.29)	.553	42.7 (27.9–57.4)	1.39 (0.85–2.27)	.184	11.7 (1.0–22.5)	1.76 (1.20–2.59)	.004	0.66 (0.21–1.11)	.004
Decompression	68.7 (38.3–99.0)	1.52 (0.50–4.65)	.466	33.3 (15.5–51.1)	1.61 (0.98–2.63)	.060	9.5 (0.0–19.6)	1.85 (1.25–2.74)	.002	0.58 (0.12–1.04)	.014
Radiotherapy	71.8 (47.6–95.9)	2.04 (0.68–6.11)	.201	40.9 (21.2–60.6)	1.05 (0.62–1.77)	.865	4.1 (0.0–10.4)	2.99 (2.00–4.46)	<.001	1.06 (0.60–1.51)	<.001
Chemotherapy	84.7 (65.8–100.0)	1.01 (0.28–3.67)	.989	39.9 (22.6–57.2)	1.64 (0.97–2.76)	.063	9.1 (0.0–22.1)	0.87 (0.56–1.33)	.515	−0.13 (−0.62–0.36)	.603
Final treatment strategy
Untreated	100.0^b	1.00		—	—	—	34.3 (8.2–60.4)	1.00
Resection	76.5 (57.3–95.7)	1.06 (0.35–3.19)	.923	—	—	—	11.9 (1.8–22.0)	1.68 (1.15–2.45)	.008	0.76 (0.33–1.19)	.001
Decompression	68.1 (46.5–89.7)	3.27 (1.00–10.66)	.049	—	—	—	10.1 (1.2–19.0)	1.75 (1.20–2.55)	.004	0.64 (0.21–1.06)	.004
Radiotherapy	73.5 (55.0–92.0)	2.41 (0.74–7.86)	.145	—	—	—	3.0 (0.0–8.2)	3.39 (2.28–5.04)	<.001	1.37 (0.99–1.75)	<.001
Chemotherapy	75.3 (52.0–98.5)	1.01 (0.33–3.10)	.986	—	—	—	13.8 (1.0–26.7)	0.94 (0.64–1.39)	.751	0.21 (−0.24–0.65)	.355
Treatment era
1980–1996	78.0 (63.7–92.4)	1.00		51.8 (38.2–65.5)	1.00		24.9 (12.4–37.4)	1.00		−0.38 (−0.63 to –0.13)	.003
1997–2004	88.7 (74.2–100.0)	0.53 (0.14–2.00)	.529	39.8 (16.9–62.6)	1.01 (0.57–1.78)	.968	20.5 (5.1–35.8)	0.92 (0.59–1.45)	.728
2005–2010	97.1 (91.5–100.0)	0.53 (0.06–4.80)	.534	53.8 (38.2–69.5)	1.41 (0.77–2.61)	.269	19.2 (1.4–36.9)	1.27 (0.80–2.04)	.316
No. progressions	—	1.43 (1.08–1.90)	.012	—	—	—	—	1.16 (1.01–1.32)	.030	0.40 (0.22–0.58)	<.001
No. surgeries	—	1.04 (0.96–1.14)	.327	—	—	—	—	1.04 (1.01–1.08)	.026	0.14 (0.08–0.19)	<.001

Independent Variable

OS (95% CI)

PFS (95% CI)

EEFS (95% CI)

EMS (95% CI)

20-Year OS

Crude HR

20-Year PFS

Crude HR

20-Year EEFS

Crude HR

Crude β

Age

>5 y

88.7 (76.1–100.0)

1.00

53.4 (36.1–70.8)

1.00

23.8 (13.2–34.5)

1.00

−0.02 (−0.07–0.04)

.600

1–5 y

80.0 (60.6–99.3)

1.05 (0.28–3.94)

.945

49.5 (34.4–64.5)

1.17 (0.69–2.00)

.566

25.6 (11.1–40.0)

0.64 (0.43–0.97)

.034

<1 y

62.9 (32.6–93.1)

5.29 (1.32–21.22)

.019

6.7 (0.0–23.2)

5.26 (2.66–10.42)

<.001

0.0^c

1.40 (0.78–2.53)

.260

Sex

Male

78.8 (55.7–100.0)

1.00

45.7 (27.5–63.8)

1.00

26.7 (14.2–39.2)

1.00

−0.11 (−0.54–0.32)

Female

82.6 (59.4–95.8)

1.02 (0.34–3.03)

.978

48.4 (36.8–60.1)

1.37 (0.84–2.23)

.211

16.5 (5.6–27.5)

0.99 (0.68–1.45)

.972

Ethnicity (n = 150)

White

88.3 (79.6–96.9)

1.00

46.8 (34.2–59.4)

1.00

21.9 (11.7–32.0)

1.00

0.01 (−0.53–0.55)

.979

Nonwhite

36.5 (0.0–89.5)

2.43 (0.73–8.13)

.151

37.3 (15.6–59.1)

1.49 (0.85–2.62)

.161

10.5 (0.0–27.4)

1.24 (0.79–1.96)

.350

NF-1

negative

78.5 (63.4–93.7)

1.00

37.6 (24.9–50.3)

1.00

13.0 (4.7–21.3)

1.00

−0.96 (−1.37 to –0.55)

<.001

Positive

88.2 (73.6–100.0)

0.52 (0.14–1.90)

.520

62.8 (45.0–80.7)

0.43 (0.25–0.74)

.002

33.0 (15.3–50.8)

0.45 (0.30–0.68)

<.001

Symptomatic

95.7 (87.6–100.0)

1.00

73.9 (56.0–91.9)

1.00

10.6 (0.0–37.4)

1.00

1.00 (0.44–1.56)

.001

Yes

80.2 (67.3–93.1)

1.53 (0.20–11.96)

.686

44.0 (32.9–55.1)

1.97 (0.85–4.56)

.114

20.1 (11.8–28.4)

1.93 (1.06–3.52)

.032

Diencephalic syndrome

1.40 (0.63–2.17)

<.001

80.8 (66.8–94.8)

1.00

53.3 (42.5–64.1)

1.00

23.5 (14.3–32.7)

1.00

Yes

78.3 (50.8–100.0)

1.99 (0.44–9.04)

.375

0.0^b

4.13 (2.19–7.79)

<.001

0.0^c

1.74 (0.95–3.18)

.073

Tumor stage

MDC 1

89.1 (74.2–100.0)

1.00

68.3 (33.1–100.0)

1.00

54.4 (21.0–87.8)

1.00

0.27 (0.05–0.49)

.019

MDC 2

82.8 (64.9–100.0)

0.81 (0.16–4.23)

.806

48.7 (34.3–63.2)

3.64 (1.29–10.30)

.015

13.5 (2.7–24.3)

4.31 (2.05–9.08)

<.001

MDC 3/4

80.0 (55.2–100.0)

0.71 (0.10–5.07)

.735

37.3 (13.8–60.9)

4.00 (1.34–11.97)

.013

21.7 (6.4–37.0)

3.45 (1.55–7.70)

.002

MDC other midline

80.4 (62.7–98.0)

1.82 (0.33–10.03)

.491

33.6 (12.7–54.6)

4.93 (1.63–14.87)

.005

14.1 (0.0–29.2)

3.94 (1.74–8.91)

.001

Hypothalamic involvement

1.11 (0.71–1.52)

<.001

87.3 (76.4–98.3)

1.00

60.3 (46.4–74.3)

1.00

38.6 (25.9–51.3)

1.00

Yes

73.1 (49.7–96.5)

1.75 (0.59–5.20)

.318

27.9 (12.5–43.3)

2.86 (1.75–4.67)

<.001

0.0^c

3.03 (2.04–4.48)

<.001

Leptomeningeal metastases

1.46 (0.33–2.58)

.012

80.4 (67.4–93.3)

1.00

48.7 (37.8–59.5)

1.00

22.0 (13.3–30.7)

1.00

Yes

100.0^a

0.05 (0.00-∞)

.630

0.0^b

2.09 (0.76–5.78)

.155

0.0^c

0.95 (0.35–2.59)

.922

Hydrocephalus

87.4 (86.8–87.1)

1.00

54.5 (41.0–68.0)

1.00

24.6 (12.6–36.5)

1.00

0.47 (0.03–0.91)

.037

Yes

72.1 (47.5–96.8)

2.00 (0.67–5.99)

.213

35.0 (18.2–51.7)

1.64 (1.01–2.66)

.045

14.9 (3.7–26.2)

1.65 (1.13–2.42)

.010

Tumor grade (n = 63)

Grade I

87.0 (76.7–94.7)

1.00

23.2 (6.93–39.5)

1.00

10.6 (0.0–21.4)

1.00

0.30 (−0.73–1.34)

.559

Grade II

60.3 (10.6–100.0)

2.71 (0.44–16.56)

.280

35.9 (6.2–65.5)

1.02 (0.45–2.32)

.961

5.6 (0.0–20.0)

1.86 (0.95–3.64)

.072

Primary treatment strategy

Untreated

91.9 (82.9–100.0)

1.00

59.3 (38.4–80.3)

1.00

33.3 (14.7–52.0)

1.00

Resection

78.0 (55.6–100.0)

0.70 (0.21–2.29)

.553

42.7 (27.9–57.4)

1.39 (0.85–2.27)

.184

11.7 (1.0–22.5)

1.76 (1.20–2.59)

.004

0.66 (0.21–1.11)

.004

Decompression

68.7 (38.3–99.0)

1.52 (0.50–4.65)

.466

33.3 (15.5–51.1)

1.61 (0.98–2.63)

.060

9.5 (0.0–19.6)

1.85 (1.25–2.74)

.002

0.58 (0.12–1.04)

.014

Radiotherapy

71.8 (47.6–95.9)

2.04 (0.68–6.11)

.201

40.9 (21.2–60.6)

1.05 (0.62–1.77)

.865

4.1 (0.0–10.4)

2.99 (2.00–4.46)

<.001

1.06 (0.60–1.51)

<.001

Chemotherapy

84.7 (65.8–100.0)

1.01 (0.28–3.67)

.989

39.9 (22.6–57.2)

1.64 (0.97–2.76)

.063

9.1 (0.0–22.1)

0.87 (0.56–1.33)

.515

−0.13 (−0.62–0.36)

.603

Final treatment strategy

Untreated

100.0^b

1.00

—

34.3 (8.2–60.4)

1.00

Resection

76.5 (57.3–95.7)

1.06 (0.35–3.19)

.923

—

11.9 (1.8–22.0)

1.68 (1.15–2.45)

.008

0.76 (0.33–1.19)

.001

Decompression

68.1 (46.5–89.7)

3.27 (1.00–10.66)

.049

—

10.1 (1.2–19.0)

1.75 (1.20–2.55)

.004

0.64 (0.21–1.06)

.004

Radiotherapy

73.5 (55.0–92.0)

2.41 (0.74–7.86)

.145

—

3.0 (0.0–8.2)

3.39 (2.28–5.04)

<.001

1.37 (0.99–1.75)

<.001

Chemotherapy

75.3 (52.0–98.5)

1.01 (0.33–3.10)

.986

—

13.8 (1.0–26.7)

0.94 (0.64–1.39)

.751

0.21 (−0.24–0.65)

.355

Treatment era

1980–1996

78.0 (63.7–92.4)

1.00

51.8 (38.2–65.5)

1.00

24.9 (12.4–37.4)

1.00

−0.38 (−0.63 to –0.13)

.003

1997–2004

88.7 (74.2–100.0)

0.53 (0.14–2.00)

.529

39.8 (16.9–62.6)

1.01 (0.57–1.78)

.968

20.5 (5.1–35.8)

0.92 (0.59–1.45)

.728

2005–2010

97.1 (91.5–100.0)

0.53 (0.06–4.80)

.534

53.8 (38.2–69.5)

1.41 (0.77–2.61)

.269

19.2 (1.4–36.9)

1.27 (0.80–2.04)

.316

No. progressions

—

1.43 (1.08–1.90)

.012

—

1.16 (1.01–1.32)

.030

0.40 (0.22–0.58)

<.001

No. surgeries

—

1.04 (0.96–1.14)

.327

—

1.04 (1.01–1.08)

.026

0.14 (0.08–0.19)

<.001

Table 2.

Open in new tab

Twenty-Year OS, PFS, EEFS, and EMS at Last Followup With Crude HRs (95% CI) and Unadjusted Regression Coefficients β, Respectively

Independent Variable	OS (95% CI)			PFS (95% CI)			EEFS (95% CI)			EMS (95% CI)
Independent Variable	20-Year OS	Crude HR	P	20-Year PFS	Crude HR	P	20-Year EEFS	Crude HR	P	Crude β	P
Age
>5 y	88.7 (76.1–100.0)	1.00		53.4 (36.1–70.8)	1.00		23.8 (13.2–34.5)	1.00		−0.02 (−0.07–0.04)	.600
1–5 y	80.0 (60.6–99.3)	1.05 (0.28–3.94)	.945	49.5 (34.4–64.5)	1.17 (0.69–2.00)	.566	25.6 (11.1–40.0)	0.64 (0.43–0.97)	.034
<1 y	62.9 (32.6–93.1)	5.29 (1.32–21.22)	.019	6.7 (0.0–23.2)	5.26 (2.66–10.42)	<.001	0.0^c	1.40 (0.78–2.53)	.260
Sex
Male	78.8 (55.7–100.0)	1.00		45.7 (27.5–63.8)	1.00		26.7 (14.2–39.2)	1.00		−0.11 (−0.54–0.32)
Female	82.6 (59.4–95.8)	1.02 (0.34–3.03)	.978	48.4 (36.8–60.1)	1.37 (0.84–2.23)	.211	16.5 (5.6–27.5)	0.99 (0.68–1.45)	.972
Ethnicity (n = 150)
White	88.3 (79.6–96.9)	1.00		46.8 (34.2–59.4)	1.00		21.9 (11.7–32.0)	1.00		0.01 (−0.53–0.55)	.979
Nonwhite	36.5 (0.0–89.5)	2.43 (0.73–8.13)	.151	37.3 (15.6–59.1)	1.49 (0.85–2.62)	.161	10.5 (0.0–27.4)	1.24 (0.79–1.96)	.350
NF-1
negative	78.5 (63.4–93.7)	1.00		37.6 (24.9–50.3)	1.00		13.0 (4.7–21.3)	1.00		−0.96 (−1.37 to –0.55)	<.001
Positive	88.2 (73.6–100.0)	0.52 (0.14–1.90)	.520	62.8 (45.0–80.7)	0.43 (0.25–0.74)	.002	33.0 (15.3–50.8)	0.45 (0.30–0.68)	<.001
Symptomatic
No	95.7 (87.6–100.0)	1.00		73.9 (56.0–91.9)	1.00		10.6 (0.0–37.4)	1.00		1.00 (0.44–1.56)	.001
Yes	80.2 (67.3–93.1)	1.53 (0.20–11.96)	.686	44.0 (32.9–55.1)	1.97 (0.85–4.56)	.114	20.1 (11.8–28.4)	1.93 (1.06–3.52)	.032
Diencephalic syndrome										1.40 (0.63–2.17)	<.001
No	80.8 (66.8–94.8)	1.00		53.3 (42.5–64.1)	1.00		23.5 (14.3–32.7)	1.00
Yes	78.3 (50.8–100.0)	1.99 (0.44–9.04)	.375	0.0^b	4.13 (2.19–7.79)	<.001	0.0^c	1.74 (0.95–3.18)	.073
Tumor stage
MDC 1	89.1 (74.2–100.0)	1.00		68.3 (33.1–100.0)	1.00		54.4 (21.0–87.8)	1.00		0.27 (0.05–0.49)	.019
MDC 2	82.8 (64.9–100.0)	0.81 (0.16–4.23)	.806	48.7 (34.3–63.2)	3.64 (1.29–10.30)	.015	13.5 (2.7–24.3)	4.31 (2.05–9.08)	<.001
MDC 3/4	80.0 (55.2–100.0)	0.71 (0.10–5.07)	.735	37.3 (13.8–60.9)	4.00 (1.34–11.97)	.013	21.7 (6.4–37.0)	3.45 (1.55–7.70)	.002
MDC other midline	80.4 (62.7–98.0)	1.82 (0.33–10.03)	.491	33.6 (12.7–54.6)	4.93 (1.63–14.87)	.005	14.1 (0.0–29.2)	3.94 (1.74–8.91)	.001
Hypothalamic involvement										1.11 (0.71–1.52)	<.001
No	87.3 (76.4–98.3)	1.00		60.3 (46.4–74.3)	1.00		38.6 (25.9–51.3)	1.00
Yes	73.1 (49.7–96.5)	1.75 (0.59–5.20)	.318	27.9 (12.5–43.3)	2.86 (1.75–4.67)	<.001	0.0^c	3.03 (2.04–4.48)	<.001
Leptomeningeal metastases										1.46 (0.33–2.58)	.012
No	80.4 (67.4–93.3)	1.00		48.7 (37.8–59.5)	1.00		22.0 (13.3–30.7)	1.00
Yes	100.0^a	0.05 (0.00-∞)	.630	0.0^b	2.09 (0.76–5.78)	.155	0.0^c	0.95 (0.35–2.59)	.922
Hydrocephalus
No	87.4 (86.8–87.1)	1.00		54.5 (41.0–68.0)	1.00		24.6 (12.6–36.5)	1.00		0.47 (0.03–0.91)	.037
Yes	72.1 (47.5–96.8)	2.00 (0.67–5.99)	.213	35.0 (18.2–51.7)	1.64 (1.01–2.66)	.045	14.9 (3.7–26.2)	1.65 (1.13–2.42)	.010
Tumor grade (n = 63)
Grade I	87.0 (76.7–94.7)	1.00		23.2 (6.93–39.5)	1.00		10.6 (0.0–21.4)	1.00		0.30 (−0.73–1.34)	.559
Grade II	60.3 (10.6–100.0)	2.71 (0.44–16.56)	.280	35.9 (6.2–65.5)	1.02 (0.45–2.32)	.961	5.6 (0.0–20.0)	1.86 (0.95–3.64)	.072
Primary treatment strategy
Untreated	91.9 (82.9–100.0)	1.00		59.3 (38.4–80.3)	1.00		33.3 (14.7–52.0)	1.00
Resection	78.0 (55.6–100.0)	0.70 (0.21–2.29)	.553	42.7 (27.9–57.4)	1.39 (0.85–2.27)	.184	11.7 (1.0–22.5)	1.76 (1.20–2.59)	.004	0.66 (0.21–1.11)	.004
Decompression	68.7 (38.3–99.0)	1.52 (0.50–4.65)	.466	33.3 (15.5–51.1)	1.61 (0.98–2.63)	.060	9.5 (0.0–19.6)	1.85 (1.25–2.74)	.002	0.58 (0.12–1.04)	.014
Radiotherapy	71.8 (47.6–95.9)	2.04 (0.68–6.11)	.201	40.9 (21.2–60.6)	1.05 (0.62–1.77)	.865	4.1 (0.0–10.4)	2.99 (2.00–4.46)	<.001	1.06 (0.60–1.51)	<.001
Chemotherapy	84.7 (65.8–100.0)	1.01 (0.28–3.67)	.989	39.9 (22.6–57.2)	1.64 (0.97–2.76)	.063	9.1 (0.0–22.1)	0.87 (0.56–1.33)	.515	−0.13 (−0.62–0.36)	.603
Final treatment strategy
Untreated	100.0^b	1.00		—	—	—	34.3 (8.2–60.4)	1.00
Resection	76.5 (57.3–95.7)	1.06 (0.35–3.19)	.923	—	—	—	11.9 (1.8–22.0)	1.68 (1.15–2.45)	.008	0.76 (0.33–1.19)	.001
Decompression	68.1 (46.5–89.7)	3.27 (1.00–10.66)	.049	—	—	—	10.1 (1.2–19.0)	1.75 (1.20–2.55)	.004	0.64 (0.21–1.06)	.004
Radiotherapy	73.5 (55.0–92.0)	2.41 (0.74–7.86)	.145	—	—	—	3.0 (0.0–8.2)	3.39 (2.28–5.04)	<.001	1.37 (0.99–1.75)	<.001
Chemotherapy	75.3 (52.0–98.5)	1.01 (0.33–3.10)	.986	—	—	—	13.8 (1.0–26.7)	0.94 (0.64–1.39)	.751	0.21 (−0.24–0.65)	.355
Treatment era
1980–1996	78.0 (63.7–92.4)	1.00		51.8 (38.2–65.5)	1.00		24.9 (12.4–37.4)	1.00		−0.38 (−0.63 to –0.13)	.003
1997–2004	88.7 (74.2–100.0)	0.53 (0.14–2.00)	.529	39.8 (16.9–62.6)	1.01 (0.57–1.78)	.968	20.5 (5.1–35.8)	0.92 (0.59–1.45)	.728
2005–2010	97.1 (91.5–100.0)	0.53 (0.06–4.80)	.534	53.8 (38.2–69.5)	1.41 (0.77–2.61)	.269	19.2 (1.4–36.9)	1.27 (0.80–2.04)	.316
No. progressions	—	1.43 (1.08–1.90)	.012	—	—	—	—	1.16 (1.01–1.32)	.030	0.40 (0.22–0.58)	<.001
No. surgeries	—	1.04 (0.96–1.14)	.327	—	—	—	—	1.04 (1.01–1.08)	.026	0.14 (0.08–0.19)	<.001

Independent Variable	OS (95% CI)			PFS (95% CI)			EEFS (95% CI)			EMS (95% CI)
Independent Variable	20-Year OS	Crude HR	P	20-Year PFS	Crude HR	P	20-Year EEFS	Crude HR	P	Crude β	P
Age
>5 y	88.7 (76.1–100.0)	1.00		53.4 (36.1–70.8)	1.00		23.8 (13.2–34.5)	1.00		−0.02 (−0.07–0.04)	.600
1–5 y	80.0 (60.6–99.3)	1.05 (0.28–3.94)	.945	49.5 (34.4–64.5)	1.17 (0.69–2.00)	.566	25.6 (11.1–40.0)	0.64 (0.43–0.97)	.034
<1 y	62.9 (32.6–93.1)	5.29 (1.32–21.22)	.019	6.7 (0.0–23.2)	5.26 (2.66–10.42)	<.001	0.0^c	1.40 (0.78–2.53)	.260
Sex
Male	78.8 (55.7–100.0)	1.00		45.7 (27.5–63.8)	1.00		26.7 (14.2–39.2)	1.00		−0.11 (−0.54–0.32)
Female	82.6 (59.4–95.8)	1.02 (0.34–3.03)	.978	48.4 (36.8–60.1)	1.37 (0.84–2.23)	.211	16.5 (5.6–27.5)	0.99 (0.68–1.45)	.972
Ethnicity (n = 150)
White	88.3 (79.6–96.9)	1.00		46.8 (34.2–59.4)	1.00		21.9 (11.7–32.0)	1.00		0.01 (−0.53–0.55)	.979
Nonwhite	36.5 (0.0–89.5)	2.43 (0.73–8.13)	.151	37.3 (15.6–59.1)	1.49 (0.85–2.62)	.161	10.5 (0.0–27.4)	1.24 (0.79–1.96)	.350
NF-1
negative	78.5 (63.4–93.7)	1.00		37.6 (24.9–50.3)	1.00		13.0 (4.7–21.3)	1.00		−0.96 (−1.37 to –0.55)	<.001
Positive	88.2 (73.6–100.0)	0.52 (0.14–1.90)	.520	62.8 (45.0–80.7)	0.43 (0.25–0.74)	.002	33.0 (15.3–50.8)	0.45 (0.30–0.68)	<.001
Symptomatic
No	95.7 (87.6–100.0)	1.00		73.9 (56.0–91.9)	1.00		10.6 (0.0–37.4)	1.00		1.00 (0.44–1.56)	.001
Yes	80.2 (67.3–93.1)	1.53 (0.20–11.96)	.686	44.0 (32.9–55.1)	1.97 (0.85–4.56)	.114	20.1 (11.8–28.4)	1.93 (1.06–3.52)	.032
Diencephalic syndrome										1.40 (0.63–2.17)	<.001
No	80.8 (66.8–94.8)	1.00		53.3 (42.5–64.1)	1.00		23.5 (14.3–32.7)	1.00
Yes	78.3 (50.8–100.0)	1.99 (0.44–9.04)	.375	0.0^b	4.13 (2.19–7.79)	<.001	0.0^c	1.74 (0.95–3.18)	.073
Tumor stage
MDC 1	89.1 (74.2–100.0)	1.00		68.3 (33.1–100.0)	1.00		54.4 (21.0–87.8)	1.00		0.27 (0.05–0.49)	.019
MDC 2	82.8 (64.9–100.0)	0.81 (0.16–4.23)	.806	48.7 (34.3–63.2)	3.64 (1.29–10.30)	.015	13.5 (2.7–24.3)	4.31 (2.05–9.08)	<.001
MDC 3/4	80.0 (55.2–100.0)	0.71 (0.10–5.07)	.735	37.3 (13.8–60.9)	4.00 (1.34–11.97)	.013	21.7 (6.4–37.0)	3.45 (1.55–7.70)	.002
MDC other midline	80.4 (62.7–98.0)	1.82 (0.33–10.03)	.491	33.6 (12.7–54.6)	4.93 (1.63–14.87)	.005	14.1 (0.0–29.2)	3.94 (1.74–8.91)	.001
Hypothalamic involvement										1.11 (0.71–1.52)	<.001
No	87.3 (76.4–98.3)	1.00		60.3 (46.4–74.3)	1.00		38.6 (25.9–51.3)	1.00
Yes	73.1 (49.7–96.5)	1.75 (0.59–5.20)	.318	27.9 (12.5–43.3)	2.86 (1.75–4.67)	<.001	0.0^c	3.03 (2.04–4.48)	<.001
Leptomeningeal metastases										1.46 (0.33–2.58)	.012
No	80.4 (67.4–93.3)	1.00		48.7 (37.8–59.5)	1.00		22.0 (13.3–30.7)	1.00
Yes	100.0^a	0.05 (0.00-∞)	.630	0.0^b	2.09 (0.76–5.78)	.155	0.0^c	0.95 (0.35–2.59)	.922
Hydrocephalus
No	87.4 (86.8–87.1)	1.00		54.5 (41.0–68.0)	1.00		24.6 (12.6–36.5)	1.00		0.47 (0.03–0.91)	.037
Yes	72.1 (47.5–96.8)	2.00 (0.67–5.99)	.213	35.0 (18.2–51.7)	1.64 (1.01–2.66)	.045	14.9 (3.7–26.2)	1.65 (1.13–2.42)	.010
Tumor grade (n = 63)
Grade I	87.0 (76.7–94.7)	1.00		23.2 (6.93–39.5)	1.00		10.6 (0.0–21.4)	1.00		0.30 (−0.73–1.34)	.559
Grade II	60.3 (10.6–100.0)	2.71 (0.44–16.56)	.280	35.9 (6.2–65.5)	1.02 (0.45–2.32)	.961	5.6 (0.0–20.0)	1.86 (0.95–3.64)	.072
Primary treatment strategy
Untreated	91.9 (82.9–100.0)	1.00		59.3 (38.4–80.3)	1.00		33.3 (14.7–52.0)	1.00
Resection	78.0 (55.6–100.0)	0.70 (0.21–2.29)	.553	42.7 (27.9–57.4)	1.39 (0.85–2.27)	.184	11.7 (1.0–22.5)	1.76 (1.20–2.59)	.004	0.66 (0.21–1.11)	.004
Decompression	68.7 (38.3–99.0)	1.52 (0.50–4.65)	.466	33.3 (15.5–51.1)	1.61 (0.98–2.63)	.060	9.5 (0.0–19.6)	1.85 (1.25–2.74)	.002	0.58 (0.12–1.04)	.014
Radiotherapy	71.8 (47.6–95.9)	2.04 (0.68–6.11)	.201	40.9 (21.2–60.6)	1.05 (0.62–1.77)	.865	4.1 (0.0–10.4)	2.99 (2.00–4.46)	<.001	1.06 (0.60–1.51)	<.001
Chemotherapy	84.7 (65.8–100.0)	1.01 (0.28–3.67)	.989	39.9 (22.6–57.2)	1.64 (0.97–2.76)	.063	9.1 (0.0–22.1)	0.87 (0.56–1.33)	.515	−0.13 (−0.62–0.36)	.603
Final treatment strategy
Untreated	100.0^b	1.00		—	—	—	34.3 (8.2–60.4)	1.00
Resection	76.5 (57.3–95.7)	1.06 (0.35–3.19)	.923	—	—	—	11.9 (1.8–22.0)	1.68 (1.15–2.45)	.008	0.76 (0.33–1.19)	.001
Decompression	68.1 (46.5–89.7)	3.27 (1.00–10.66)	.049	—	—	—	10.1 (1.2–19.0)	1.75 (1.20–2.55)	.004	0.64 (0.21–1.06)	.004
Radiotherapy	73.5 (55.0–92.0)	2.41 (0.74–7.86)	.145	—	—	—	3.0 (0.0–8.2)	3.39 (2.28–5.04)	<.001	1.37 (0.99–1.75)	<.001
Chemotherapy	75.3 (52.0–98.5)	1.01 (0.33–3.10)	.986	—	—	—	13.8 (1.0–26.7)	0.94 (0.64–1.39)	.751	0.21 (−0.24–0.65)	.355
Treatment era
1980–1996	78.0 (63.7–92.4)	1.00		51.8 (38.2–65.5)	1.00		24.9 (12.4–37.4)	1.00		−0.38 (−0.63 to –0.13)	.003
1997–2004	88.7 (74.2–100.0)	0.53 (0.14–2.00)	.529	39.8 (16.9–62.6)	1.01 (0.57–1.78)	.968	20.5 (5.1–35.8)	0.92 (0.59–1.45)	.728
2005–2010	97.1 (91.5–100.0)	0.53 (0.06–4.80)	.534	53.8 (38.2–69.5)	1.41 (0.77–2.61)	.269	19.2 (1.4–36.9)	1.27 (0.80–2.04)	.316
No. progressions	—	1.43 (1.08–1.90)	.012	—	—	—	—	1.16 (1.01–1.32)	.030	0.40 (0.22–0.58)	<.001
No. surgeries	—	1.04 (0.96–1.14)	.327	—	—	—	—	1.04 (1.01–1.08)	.026	0.14 (0.08–0.19)	<.001

Bold values indicate P < .05.

All patients with leptomeningeal metastases survived to last followup.

All patients with diencephalic syndrome and/ or leptomeningeal metastases progressed.

All patients aged <1 y at diagnosis, with diencephalic syndrome, hypothalamic involvement or leptomeningeal metastases experienced ≥1 endocrinopathy.

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