Table 1. Open in new tab Demographic,...

Independent Variable	n/Median (%/Range)	By Treatment Era (%)	P^a
Age
>5 y	81 (48.5)	30 (46.2)	27 (54.0)	24 (47.1)	.834
1–5 y	69 (41.6)	28 (43.1)	19 (38.0)	22 (43.1)
<1 y	16 (9.6)	7 (10.8)	4 (8.0)	5 (9.8)
Sex					.410
Male	76 (45.8)	27 (41.5)	24 (48.0)	25 (49.0)
Female	90 (54.2)	38 (58.5)	26 (52.0)	26 (51.0)
Ethnicity (n = 150)					<.001
White	114 (68.7)	43 (66.2%)	44 (88.0%)	27 (52.9%)
Non-white	36 (21.7)	7 (10.8%)	5 (10.0%)	24 (47.1)
Unknown	16 (9.6)	15 (23.1%)	1 (2.0%)	0 (0.0%)
NF-1 status					.889
Negative	98 (59.0)	39 (60.0)	29 (58.0)	30 (58.8)
Positive	68 (41.0)	26 (40.0)	21 (42.0)	21 (41.2)
Symptomatic					.037
No	27 (16.3)	6 (9.2)	9 (18.0)	12 (23.5)
Yes	139 (83.7)	59 (90.8)	41 (82.0)	39 (76.5)
Diencephalic syndrome					.754
No	153 (92.2)	59 (90.8)	47 (94.0)	47 (92.2)
Yes	13 (7.8)	6 (9.2)	3 (6.0)	4 (7.8)
Tumor stage					.623
MDC 1	29 (17.5)	12 (18.5)	8 (16.0)	9 (17.6)
MDC 2	76 (45.8)	28 (43.1)	23 (46.0)	25 (49.0)
MDC 3/4	34 (20.5)	13 (20.0)	11 (22.0)	10 (19.6)
MDC other midline	27 (16.3)	12 (18.5)	8 (16.0)	7 (13.7)
Hypothalamic involvement					.947
No	99 (59.6)	38 (58.5)	31 (62.0)	30 (58.8)
Yes	67 (40.4)	27 (41.5)	19 (38.0)	21 (41.2)
Leptomeningeal metastases					.801
No	160 (96.4)	63 (96.9)	48 (96.0)	49 (96.1)
Yes	6 (3.6)	2 (3.1)	2 (4.0)	2 (3.9)
Hydrocephalus					.186
No	105 (63.3)	37 (56.9)	33 (66.0)	35 (68.6)
Yes	61 (36.7)	28 (43.1)	17 (34.0)	16 (31.4)
Tumor grade					.188
Grade I	51 (30.7)	21 (32.3)	17 (34.0)	13 (25.5)
JPA	40 (24.1)
SEGA	2 (1.2)
NOS	9 (5.4)
Grade II	12 (7.2)	8 (12.3)	2 (4.0)	2 (3.9)
Diffuse fibrillary astrocytoma	6 (3.6)
Pilomyxoid astrocytoma	3 (1.8)
NOS	3 (1.8)
Not biopsied/no histology	103 (62.0)	36 (55.4)	31 (62.0)	36 (70.6)
Primary treatment strategy
Observation only	58 (34.9)	20 (30.8)	19 (38.0)	19 (37.3)
Resection only	17 (10.2)	13 (20.0)	1 (2.0)	3 (5.9)
Decompression without resection	4 (2.4)	3 (4.6)	1 (2.0)	0 (0.0)
RT	19 (11.4)	10 (15.4)	3 (6.0)	6 (11.8)	.263
Chemotherapy	20 (12.0)	3 (4.6)	8 (16.0)	9 (17.6)
Any surgery + RT	26 (15.7)	12 (18.5)	10 (20.0)	4 (7.8)
Any surgery + chemotherapy	22 (13.3)	4 (6.2)	8 (16 0.0)	10 (19.6)
Any primary resection	53 (31.9)	26 (40.0)	16 (32.0)	11 (21.6)	.036
Any primary decompression	50 (30.1)	23 (35.4)	14 (28.0)	13 (25.5)	.241
Any primary RT	45 (27.1)	22 (33.8)	13 (26.0)	10 (19.6)	.086
Any primary chemotherapy	42 (25.3)	7 (10.8)	16 (32.0)	19 (37.3)	.001
Final treatment strategy
Observation only	38 (22.9)	14 (21.5)	13 (26.0)	11 (21.6)
Surgery only	21 (12.7)	12 (18.5)	3 (6.0)	6 (11.8)
RT only	15 (9.0)	4 (6.2)	5 (10.0)	6 (11.8)
Chemotherapy only	20 (12.0)	2 (3.1)	7 (14.0)	11 (21.6)	.729
Any surgery + RT	31 (18.7)	20 (30.8)	8 (16.0)	3 (5.9)
Any surgery + chemotherapy	18 (10.8)	2 (3.1)	8 (16.0)	8 (15.7)
RT + chemotherapy	6 (3.6)	2 (3.1)	1 (2.0)	3 (5.9)
Any surgery + RT + chemotherapy	17 (10.2)	9 (13.8)	5 (10.0)	3 (5.9)
Any resection	60 (36.1)	31 (47.7)	18 (36.0)	11 (21.6)	.004
Any decompression	67 (40.4)	32 (49.2)	19 (38.0)	16 (31.4)	.050
Any RT	69 (41.6)	35 (53.8)	19 (38.0)	15 (29.4)	.007
Any chemotherapy	61 (36.7)	15 (23.1)	21 (42.0)	25 (49.0)	.003
No. of progressions	0 (0–6)	0 (0–6)	0 (0–4)	0 (0–5)	.710
No. of surgeries	1 (0–27)	1 (0–27)	0 (0–24)	0 (0–12)	.043

Independent Variable

n/Median (%/Range)

By Treatment Era (%)

P^a

1980–1996 (n = 65)

1997–2004 (n = 50)

2005–2010 (n = 51)

Age

>5 y

81 (48.5)

30 (46.2)

27 (54.0)

24 (47.1)

.834

1–5 y

69 (41.6)

28 (43.1)

19 (38.0)

22 (43.1)

<1 y

16 (9.6)

7 (10.8)

4 (8.0)

5 (9.8)

Sex

.410

Male

76 (45.8)

27 (41.5)

24 (48.0)

25 (49.0)

Female

90 (54.2)

38 (58.5)

26 (52.0)

26 (51.0)

Ethnicity (n = 150)

<.001

White

114 (68.7)

43 (66.2%)

44 (88.0%)

27 (52.9%)

Non-white

36 (21.7)

7 (10.8%)

5 (10.0%)

24 (47.1)

Unknown

16 (9.6)

15 (23.1%)

1 (2.0%)

0 (0.0%)

NF-1 status

.889

Negative

98 (59.0)

39 (60.0)

29 (58.0)

30 (58.8)

Positive

68 (41.0)

26 (40.0)

21 (42.0)

21 (41.2)

Symptomatic

.037

27 (16.3)

6 (9.2)

9 (18.0)

12 (23.5)

Yes

139 (83.7)

59 (90.8)

41 (82.0)

39 (76.5)

Diencephalic syndrome

.754

153 (92.2)

59 (90.8)

47 (94.0)

47 (92.2)

Yes

13 (7.8)

6 (9.2)

3 (6.0)

4 (7.8)

Tumor stage

.623

MDC 1

29 (17.5)

12 (18.5)

8 (16.0)

9 (17.6)

MDC 2

76 (45.8)

28 (43.1)

23 (46.0)

25 (49.0)

MDC 3/4

34 (20.5)

13 (20.0)

11 (22.0)

10 (19.6)

MDC other midline

27 (16.3)

12 (18.5)

8 (16.0)

7 (13.7)

Hypothalamic involvement

.947

99 (59.6)

38 (58.5)

31 (62.0)

30 (58.8)

Yes

67 (40.4)

27 (41.5)

19 (38.0)

21 (41.2)

Leptomeningeal metastases

.801

160 (96.4)

63 (96.9)

48 (96.0)

49 (96.1)

Yes

6 (3.6)

2 (3.1)

2 (4.0)

2 (3.9)

Hydrocephalus

.186

105 (63.3)

37 (56.9)

33 (66.0)

35 (68.6)

Yes

61 (36.7)

28 (43.1)

17 (34.0)

16 (31.4)

Tumor grade

.188

Grade I

51 (30.7)

21 (32.3)

17 (34.0)

13 (25.5)

JPA

40 (24.1)

SEGA

2 (1.2)

NOS

9 (5.4)

Grade II

12 (7.2)

8 (12.3)

2 (4.0)

2 (3.9)

Diffuse fibrillary astrocytoma

6 (3.6)

Pilomyxoid astrocytoma

3 (1.8)

NOS

3 (1.8)

Not biopsied/no histology

103 (62.0)

36 (55.4)

31 (62.0)

36 (70.6)

Primary treatment strategy

Observation only

58 (34.9)

20 (30.8)

19 (38.0)

19 (37.3)

Resection only

17 (10.2)

13 (20.0)

1 (2.0)

3 (5.9)

Decompression without resection

4 (2.4)

3 (4.6)

1 (2.0)

0 (0.0)

19 (11.4)

10 (15.4)

3 (6.0)

6 (11.8)

.263

Chemotherapy

20 (12.0)

3 (4.6)

8 (16.0)

9 (17.6)

Any surgery + RT

26 (15.7)

12 (18.5)

10 (20.0)

4 (7.8)

Any surgery + chemotherapy

22 (13.3)

4 (6.2)

8 (16 0.0)

10 (19.6)

Any primary resection

53 (31.9)

26 (40.0)

16 (32.0)

11 (21.6)

.036

Any primary decompression

50 (30.1)

23 (35.4)

14 (28.0)

13 (25.5)

.241

Any primary RT

45 (27.1)

22 (33.8)

13 (26.0)

10 (19.6)

.086

Any primary chemotherapy

42 (25.3)

7 (10.8)

16 (32.0)

19 (37.3)

.001

Final treatment strategy

Observation only

38 (22.9)

14 (21.5)

13 (26.0)

11 (21.6)

Surgery only

21 (12.7)

12 (18.5)

3 (6.0)

6 (11.8)

RT only

15 (9.0)

4 (6.2)

5 (10.0)

6 (11.8)

Chemotherapy only

20 (12.0)

2 (3.1)

7 (14.0)

11 (21.6)

.729

Any surgery + RT

31 (18.7)

20 (30.8)

8 (16.0)

3 (5.9)

Any surgery + chemotherapy

18 (10.8)

2 (3.1)

8 (16.0)

8 (15.7)

RT + chemotherapy

6 (3.6)

2 (3.1)

1 (2.0)

3 (5.9)

Any surgery + RT + chemotherapy

17 (10.2)

9 (13.8)

5 (10.0)

3 (5.9)

Any resection

60 (36.1)

31 (47.7)

18 (36.0)

11 (21.6)

.004

Any decompression

67 (40.4)

32 (49.2)

19 (38.0)

16 (31.4)

.050

Any RT

69 (41.6)

35 (53.8)

19 (38.0)

15 (29.4)

.007

Any chemotherapy

61 (36.7)

15 (23.1)

21 (42.0)

25 (49.0)

.003

No. of progressions

0 (0–6)

0 (0–4)

0 (0–5)

.710

No. of surgeries

1 (0–27)

0 (0–24)

0 (0–12)

.043

Independent Variable	n/Median (%/Range)	By Treatment Era (%)	P^a
Age
>5 y	81 (48.5)	30 (46.2)	27 (54.0)	24 (47.1)	.834
1–5 y	69 (41.6)	28 (43.1)	19 (38.0)	22 (43.1)
<1 y	16 (9.6)	7 (10.8)	4 (8.0)	5 (9.8)
Sex					.410
Male	76 (45.8)	27 (41.5)	24 (48.0)	25 (49.0)
Female	90 (54.2)	38 (58.5)	26 (52.0)	26 (51.0)
Ethnicity (n = 150)					<.001
White	114 (68.7)	43 (66.2%)	44 (88.0%)	27 (52.9%)
Non-white	36 (21.7)	7 (10.8%)	5 (10.0%)	24 (47.1)
Unknown	16 (9.6)	15 (23.1%)	1 (2.0%)	0 (0.0%)
NF-1 status					.889
Negative	98 (59.0)	39 (60.0)	29 (58.0)	30 (58.8)
Positive	68 (41.0)	26 (40.0)	21 (42.0)	21 (41.2)
Symptomatic					.037
No	27 (16.3)	6 (9.2)	9 (18.0)	12 (23.5)
Yes	139 (83.7)	59 (90.8)	41 (82.0)	39 (76.5)
Diencephalic syndrome					.754
No	153 (92.2)	59 (90.8)	47 (94.0)	47 (92.2)
Yes	13 (7.8)	6 (9.2)	3 (6.0)	4 (7.8)
Tumor stage					.623
MDC 1	29 (17.5)	12 (18.5)	8 (16.0)	9 (17.6)
MDC 2	76 (45.8)	28 (43.1)	23 (46.0)	25 (49.0)
MDC 3/4	34 (20.5)	13 (20.0)	11 (22.0)	10 (19.6)
MDC other midline	27 (16.3)	12 (18.5)	8 (16.0)	7 (13.7)
Hypothalamic involvement					.947
No	99 (59.6)	38 (58.5)	31 (62.0)	30 (58.8)
Yes	67 (40.4)	27 (41.5)	19 (38.0)	21 (41.2)
Leptomeningeal metastases					.801
No	160 (96.4)	63 (96.9)	48 (96.0)	49 (96.1)
Yes	6 (3.6)	2 (3.1)	2 (4.0)	2 (3.9)
Hydrocephalus					.186
No	105 (63.3)	37 (56.9)	33 (66.0)	35 (68.6)
Yes	61 (36.7)	28 (43.1)	17 (34.0)	16 (31.4)
Tumor grade					.188
Grade I	51 (30.7)	21 (32.3)	17 (34.0)	13 (25.5)
JPA	40 (24.1)
SEGA	2 (1.2)
NOS	9 (5.4)
Grade II	12 (7.2)	8 (12.3)	2 (4.0)	2 (3.9)
Diffuse fibrillary astrocytoma	6 (3.6)
Pilomyxoid astrocytoma	3 (1.8)
NOS	3 (1.8)
Not biopsied/no histology	103 (62.0)	36 (55.4)	31 (62.0)	36 (70.6)
Primary treatment strategy
Observation only	58 (34.9)	20 (30.8)	19 (38.0)	19 (37.3)
Resection only	17 (10.2)	13 (20.0)	1 (2.0)	3 (5.9)
Decompression without resection	4 (2.4)	3 (4.6)	1 (2.0)	0 (0.0)
RT	19 (11.4)	10 (15.4)	3 (6.0)	6 (11.8)	.263
Chemotherapy	20 (12.0)	3 (4.6)	8 (16.0)	9 (17.6)
Any surgery + RT	26 (15.7)	12 (18.5)	10 (20.0)	4 (7.8)
Any surgery + chemotherapy	22 (13.3)	4 (6.2)	8 (16 0.0)	10 (19.6)
Any primary resection	53 (31.9)	26 (40.0)	16 (32.0)	11 (21.6)	.036
Any primary decompression	50 (30.1)	23 (35.4)	14 (28.0)	13 (25.5)	.241
Any primary RT	45 (27.1)	22 (33.8)	13 (26.0)	10 (19.6)	.086
Any primary chemotherapy	42 (25.3)	7 (10.8)	16 (32.0)	19 (37.3)	.001
Final treatment strategy
Observation only	38 (22.9)	14 (21.5)	13 (26.0)	11 (21.6)
Surgery only	21 (12.7)	12 (18.5)	3 (6.0)	6 (11.8)
RT only	15 (9.0)	4 (6.2)	5 (10.0)	6 (11.8)
Chemotherapy only	20 (12.0)	2 (3.1)	7 (14.0)	11 (21.6)	.729
Any surgery + RT	31 (18.7)	20 (30.8)	8 (16.0)	3 (5.9)
Any surgery + chemotherapy	18 (10.8)	2 (3.1)	8 (16.0)	8 (15.7)
RT + chemotherapy	6 (3.6)	2 (3.1)	1 (2.0)	3 (5.9)
Any surgery + RT + chemotherapy	17 (10.2)	9 (13.8)	5 (10.0)	3 (5.9)
Any resection	60 (36.1)	31 (47.7)	18 (36.0)	11 (21.6)	.004
Any decompression	67 (40.4)	32 (49.2)	19 (38.0)	16 (31.4)	.050
Any RT	69 (41.6)	35 (53.8)	19 (38.0)	15 (29.4)	.007
Any chemotherapy	61 (36.7)	15 (23.1)	21 (42.0)	25 (49.0)	.003
No. of progressions	0 (0–6)	0 (0–6)	0 (0–4)	0 (0–5)	.710
No. of surgeries	1 (0–27)	1 (0–27)	0 (0–24)	0 (0–12)	.043

Independent Variable

n/Median (%/Range)

By Treatment Era (%)

P^a

1980–1996 (n = 65)

1997–2004 (n = 50)

2005–2010 (n = 51)

Age

>5 y

81 (48.5)

30 (46.2)

27 (54.0)

24 (47.1)

.834

1–5 y

69 (41.6)

28 (43.1)

19 (38.0)

22 (43.1)

<1 y

16 (9.6)

7 (10.8)

4 (8.0)

5 (9.8)

Sex

.410

Male

76 (45.8)

27 (41.5)

24 (48.0)

25 (49.0)

Female

90 (54.2)

38 (58.5)

26 (52.0)

26 (51.0)

Ethnicity (n = 150)

<.001

White

114 (68.7)

43 (66.2%)

44 (88.0%)

27 (52.9%)

Non-white

36 (21.7)

7 (10.8%)

5 (10.0%)

24 (47.1)

Unknown

16 (9.6)

15 (23.1%)

1 (2.0%)

0 (0.0%)

NF-1 status

.889

Negative

98 (59.0)

39 (60.0)

29 (58.0)

30 (58.8)

Positive

68 (41.0)

26 (40.0)

21 (42.0)

21 (41.2)

Symptomatic

.037

27 (16.3)

6 (9.2)

9 (18.0)

12 (23.5)

Yes

139 (83.7)

59 (90.8)

41 (82.0)

39 (76.5)

Diencephalic syndrome

.754

153 (92.2)

59 (90.8)

47 (94.0)

47 (92.2)

Yes

13 (7.8)

6 (9.2)

3 (6.0)

4 (7.8)

Tumor stage

.623

MDC 1

29 (17.5)

12 (18.5)

8 (16.0)

9 (17.6)

MDC 2

76 (45.8)

28 (43.1)

23 (46.0)

25 (49.0)

MDC 3/4

34 (20.5)

13 (20.0)

11 (22.0)

10 (19.6)

MDC other midline

27 (16.3)

12 (18.5)

8 (16.0)

7 (13.7)

Hypothalamic involvement

.947

99 (59.6)

38 (58.5)

31 (62.0)

30 (58.8)

Yes

67 (40.4)

27 (41.5)

19 (38.0)

21 (41.2)

Leptomeningeal metastases

.801

160 (96.4)

63 (96.9)

48 (96.0)

49 (96.1)

Yes

6 (3.6)

2 (3.1)

2 (4.0)

2 (3.9)

Hydrocephalus

.186

105 (63.3)

37 (56.9)

33 (66.0)

35 (68.6)

Yes

61 (36.7)

28 (43.1)

17 (34.0)

16 (31.4)

Tumor grade

.188

Grade I

51 (30.7)

21 (32.3)

17 (34.0)

13 (25.5)

JPA

40 (24.1)

SEGA

2 (1.2)

NOS

9 (5.4)

Grade II

12 (7.2)

8 (12.3)

2 (4.0)

2 (3.9)

Diffuse fibrillary astrocytoma

6 (3.6)

Pilomyxoid astrocytoma

3 (1.8)

NOS

3 (1.8)

Not biopsied/no histology

103 (62.0)

36 (55.4)

31 (62.0)

36 (70.6)

Primary treatment strategy

Observation only

58 (34.9)

20 (30.8)

19 (38.0)

19 (37.3)

Resection only

17 (10.2)

13 (20.0)

1 (2.0)

3 (5.9)

Decompression without resection

4 (2.4)

3 (4.6)

1 (2.0)

0 (0.0)

19 (11.4)

10 (15.4)

3 (6.0)

6 (11.8)

.263

Chemotherapy

20 (12.0)

3 (4.6)

8 (16.0)

9 (17.6)

Any surgery + RT

26 (15.7)

12 (18.5)

10 (20.0)

4 (7.8)

Any surgery + chemotherapy

22 (13.3)

4 (6.2)

8 (16 0.0)

10 (19.6)

Any primary resection

53 (31.9)

26 (40.0)

16 (32.0)

11 (21.6)

.036

Any primary decompression

50 (30.1)

23 (35.4)

14 (28.0)

13 (25.5)

.241

Any primary RT

45 (27.1)

22 (33.8)

13 (26.0)

10 (19.6)

.086

Any primary chemotherapy

42 (25.3)

7 (10.8)

16 (32.0)

19 (37.3)

.001

Final treatment strategy

Observation only

38 (22.9)

14 (21.5)

13 (26.0)

11 (21.6)

Surgery only

21 (12.7)

12 (18.5)

3 (6.0)

6 (11.8)

RT only

15 (9.0)

4 (6.2)

5 (10.0)

6 (11.8)

Chemotherapy only

20 (12.0)

2 (3.1)

7 (14.0)

11 (21.6)

.729

Any surgery + RT

31 (18.7)

20 (30.8)

8 (16.0)

3 (5.9)

Any surgery + chemotherapy

18 (10.8)

2 (3.1)

8 (16.0)

8 (15.7)

RT + chemotherapy

6 (3.6)

2 (3.1)

1 (2.0)

3 (5.9)

Any surgery + RT + chemotherapy

17 (10.2)

9 (13.8)

5 (10.0)

3 (5.9)

Any resection

60 (36.1)

31 (47.7)

18 (36.0)

11 (21.6)

.004

Any decompression

67 (40.4)

32 (49.2)

19 (38.0)

16 (31.4)

.050

Any RT

69 (41.6)

35 (53.8)

19 (38.0)

15 (29.4)

.007

Any chemotherapy

61 (36.7)

15 (23.1)

21 (42.0)

25 (49.0)

.003

No. of progressions

0 (0–6)

0 (0–4)

0 (0–5)

.710

No. of surgeries

1 (0–27)

0 (0–24)

0 (0–12)

.043

Table 1.

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Demographic, Tumor-, and Treatment-Related Characteristics, and Trends by Treatment Era

Independent Variable	n/Median (%/Range)	By Treatment Era (%)			P^a
Independent Variable	n/Median (%/Range)	1980–1996 (n = 65)	1997–2004 (n = 50)	2005–2010 (n = 51)	P^a
Age
>5 y	81 (48.5)	30 (46.2)	27 (54.0)	24 (47.1)	.834
1–5 y	69 (41.6)	28 (43.1)	19 (38.0)	22 (43.1)
<1 y	16 (9.6)	7 (10.8)	4 (8.0)	5 (9.8)
Sex					.410
Male	76 (45.8)	27 (41.5)	24 (48.0)	25 (49.0)
Female	90 (54.2)	38 (58.5)	26 (52.0)	26 (51.0)
Ethnicity (n = 150)					<.001
White	114 (68.7)	43 (66.2%)	44 (88.0%)	27 (52.9%)
Non-white	36 (21.7)	7 (10.8%)	5 (10.0%)	24 (47.1)
Unknown	16 (9.6)	15 (23.1%)	1 (2.0%)	0 (0.0%)
NF-1 status					.889
Negative	98 (59.0)	39 (60.0)	29 (58.0)	30 (58.8)
Positive	68 (41.0)	26 (40.0)	21 (42.0)	21 (41.2)
Symptomatic					.037
No	27 (16.3)	6 (9.2)	9 (18.0)	12 (23.5)
Yes	139 (83.7)	59 (90.8)	41 (82.0)	39 (76.5)
Diencephalic syndrome					.754
No	153 (92.2)	59 (90.8)	47 (94.0)	47 (92.2)
Yes	13 (7.8)	6 (9.2)	3 (6.0)	4 (7.8)
Tumor stage					.623
MDC 1	29 (17.5)	12 (18.5)	8 (16.0)	9 (17.6)
MDC 2	76 (45.8)	28 (43.1)	23 (46.0)	25 (49.0)
MDC 3/4	34 (20.5)	13 (20.0)	11 (22.0)	10 (19.6)
MDC other midline	27 (16.3)	12 (18.5)	8 (16.0)	7 (13.7)
Hypothalamic involvement					.947
No	99 (59.6)	38 (58.5)	31 (62.0)	30 (58.8)
Yes	67 (40.4)	27 (41.5)	19 (38.0)	21 (41.2)
Leptomeningeal metastases					.801
No	160 (96.4)	63 (96.9)	48 (96.0)	49 (96.1)
Yes	6 (3.6)	2 (3.1)	2 (4.0)	2 (3.9)
Hydrocephalus					.186
No	105 (63.3)	37 (56.9)	33 (66.0)	35 (68.6)
Yes	61 (36.7)	28 (43.1)	17 (34.0)	16 (31.4)
Tumor grade					.188
Grade I	51 (30.7)	21 (32.3)	17 (34.0)	13 (25.5)
JPA	40 (24.1)
SEGA	2 (1.2)
NOS	9 (5.4)
Grade II	12 (7.2)	8 (12.3)	2 (4.0)	2 (3.9)
Diffuse fibrillary astrocytoma	6 (3.6)
Pilomyxoid astrocytoma	3 (1.8)
NOS	3 (1.8)
Not biopsied/no histology	103 (62.0)	36 (55.4)	31 (62.0)	36 (70.6)
Primary treatment strategy
Observation only	58 (34.9)	20 (30.8)	19 (38.0)	19 (37.3)
Resection only	17 (10.2)	13 (20.0)	1 (2.0)	3 (5.9)
Decompression without resection	4 (2.4)	3 (4.6)	1 (2.0)	0 (0.0)
RT	19 (11.4)	10 (15.4)	3 (6.0)	6 (11.8)	.263
Chemotherapy	20 (12.0)	3 (4.6)	8 (16.0)	9 (17.6)
Any surgery + RT	26 (15.7)	12 (18.5)	10 (20.0)	4 (7.8)
Any surgery + chemotherapy	22 (13.3)	4 (6.2)	8 (16 0.0)	10 (19.6)
Any primary resection	53 (31.9)	26 (40.0)	16 (32.0)	11 (21.6)	.036
Any primary decompression	50 (30.1)	23 (35.4)	14 (28.0)	13 (25.5)	.241
Any primary RT	45 (27.1)	22 (33.8)	13 (26.0)	10 (19.6)	.086
Any primary chemotherapy	42 (25.3)	7 (10.8)	16 (32.0)	19 (37.3)	.001
Final treatment strategy
Observation only	38 (22.9)	14 (21.5)	13 (26.0)	11 (21.6)
Surgery only	21 (12.7)	12 (18.5)	3 (6.0)	6 (11.8)
RT only	15 (9.0)	4 (6.2)	5 (10.0)	6 (11.8)
Chemotherapy only	20 (12.0)	2 (3.1)	7 (14.0)	11 (21.6)	.729
Any surgery + RT	31 (18.7)	20 (30.8)	8 (16.0)	3 (5.9)
Any surgery + chemotherapy	18 (10.8)	2 (3.1)	8 (16.0)	8 (15.7)
RT + chemotherapy	6 (3.6)	2 (3.1)	1 (2.0)	3 (5.9)
Any surgery + RT + chemotherapy	17 (10.2)	9 (13.8)	5 (10.0)	3 (5.9)
Any resection	60 (36.1)	31 (47.7)	18 (36.0)	11 (21.6)	.004
Any decompression	67 (40.4)	32 (49.2)	19 (38.0)	16 (31.4)	.050
Any RT	69 (41.6)	35 (53.8)	19 (38.0)	15 (29.4)	.007
Any chemotherapy	61 (36.7)	15 (23.1)	21 (42.0)	25 (49.0)	.003
No. of progressions	0 (0–6)	0 (0–6)	0 (0–4)	0 (0–5)	.710
No. of surgeries	1 (0–27)	1 (0–27)	0 (0–24)	0 (0–12)	.043

Independent Variable	n/Median (%/Range)	By Treatment Era (%)			P^a
Independent Variable	n/Median (%/Range)	1980–1996 (n = 65)	1997–2004 (n = 50)	2005–2010 (n = 51)	P^a
Age
>5 y	81 (48.5)	30 (46.2)	27 (54.0)	24 (47.1)	.834
1–5 y	69 (41.6)	28 (43.1)	19 (38.0)	22 (43.1)
<1 y	16 (9.6)	7 (10.8)	4 (8.0)	5 (9.8)
Sex					.410
Male	76 (45.8)	27 (41.5)	24 (48.0)	25 (49.0)
Female	90 (54.2)	38 (58.5)	26 (52.0)	26 (51.0)
Ethnicity (n = 150)					<.001
White	114 (68.7)	43 (66.2%)	44 (88.0%)	27 (52.9%)
Non-white	36 (21.7)	7 (10.8%)	5 (10.0%)	24 (47.1)
Unknown	16 (9.6)	15 (23.1%)	1 (2.0%)	0 (0.0%)
NF-1 status					.889
Negative	98 (59.0)	39 (60.0)	29 (58.0)	30 (58.8)
Positive	68 (41.0)	26 (40.0)	21 (42.0)	21 (41.2)
Symptomatic					.037
No	27 (16.3)	6 (9.2)	9 (18.0)	12 (23.5)
Yes	139 (83.7)	59 (90.8)	41 (82.0)	39 (76.5)
Diencephalic syndrome					.754
No	153 (92.2)	59 (90.8)	47 (94.0)	47 (92.2)
Yes	13 (7.8)	6 (9.2)	3 (6.0)	4 (7.8)
Tumor stage					.623
MDC 1	29 (17.5)	12 (18.5)	8 (16.0)	9 (17.6)
MDC 2	76 (45.8)	28 (43.1)	23 (46.0)	25 (49.0)
MDC 3/4	34 (20.5)	13 (20.0)	11 (22.0)	10 (19.6)
MDC other midline	27 (16.3)	12 (18.5)	8 (16.0)	7 (13.7)
Hypothalamic involvement					.947
No	99 (59.6)	38 (58.5)	31 (62.0)	30 (58.8)
Yes	67 (40.4)	27 (41.5)	19 (38.0)	21 (41.2)
Leptomeningeal metastases					.801
No	160 (96.4)	63 (96.9)	48 (96.0)	49 (96.1)
Yes	6 (3.6)	2 (3.1)	2 (4.0)	2 (3.9)
Hydrocephalus					.186
No	105 (63.3)	37 (56.9)	33 (66.0)	35 (68.6)
Yes	61 (36.7)	28 (43.1)	17 (34.0)	16 (31.4)
Tumor grade					.188
Grade I	51 (30.7)	21 (32.3)	17 (34.0)	13 (25.5)
JPA	40 (24.1)
SEGA	2 (1.2)
NOS	9 (5.4)
Grade II	12 (7.2)	8 (12.3)	2 (4.0)	2 (3.9)
Diffuse fibrillary astrocytoma	6 (3.6)
Pilomyxoid astrocytoma	3 (1.8)
NOS	3 (1.8)
Not biopsied/no histology	103 (62.0)	36 (55.4)	31 (62.0)	36 (70.6)
Primary treatment strategy
Observation only	58 (34.9)	20 (30.8)	19 (38.0)	19 (37.3)
Resection only	17 (10.2)	13 (20.0)	1 (2.0)	3 (5.9)
Decompression without resection	4 (2.4)	3 (4.6)	1 (2.0)	0 (0.0)
RT	19 (11.4)	10 (15.4)	3 (6.0)	6 (11.8)	.263
Chemotherapy	20 (12.0)	3 (4.6)	8 (16.0)	9 (17.6)
Any surgery + RT	26 (15.7)	12 (18.5)	10 (20.0)	4 (7.8)
Any surgery + chemotherapy	22 (13.3)	4 (6.2)	8 (16 0.0)	10 (19.6)
Any primary resection	53 (31.9)	26 (40.0)	16 (32.0)	11 (21.6)	.036
Any primary decompression	50 (30.1)	23 (35.4)	14 (28.0)	13 (25.5)	.241
Any primary RT	45 (27.1)	22 (33.8)	13 (26.0)	10 (19.6)	.086
Any primary chemotherapy	42 (25.3)	7 (10.8)	16 (32.0)	19 (37.3)	.001
Final treatment strategy
Observation only	38 (22.9)	14 (21.5)	13 (26.0)	11 (21.6)
Surgery only	21 (12.7)	12 (18.5)	3 (6.0)	6 (11.8)
RT only	15 (9.0)	4 (6.2)	5 (10.0)	6 (11.8)
Chemotherapy only	20 (12.0)	2 (3.1)	7 (14.0)	11 (21.6)	.729
Any surgery + RT	31 (18.7)	20 (30.8)	8 (16.0)	3 (5.9)
Any surgery + chemotherapy	18 (10.8)	2 (3.1)	8 (16.0)	8 (15.7)
RT + chemotherapy	6 (3.6)	2 (3.1)	1 (2.0)	3 (5.9)
Any surgery + RT + chemotherapy	17 (10.2)	9 (13.8)	5 (10.0)	3 (5.9)
Any resection	60 (36.1)	31 (47.7)	18 (36.0)	11 (21.6)	.004
Any decompression	67 (40.4)	32 (49.2)	19 (38.0)	16 (31.4)	.050
Any RT	69 (41.6)	35 (53.8)	19 (38.0)	15 (29.4)	.007
Any chemotherapy	61 (36.7)	15 (23.1)	21 (42.0)	25 (49.0)	.003
No. of progressions	0 (0–6)	0 (0–6)	0 (0–4)	0 (0–5)	.710
No. of surgeries	1 (0–27)	1 (0–27)	0 (0–24)	0 (0–12)	.043

Bold P values are significant at < .05.

Abbreviations: JPA, juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma; NOS, not otherwise specified; SEGA, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma; RT, radiotherapy.

P values are for the χ^b-test for trend or the Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA.

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