Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of the Study Cohort by Hearing Impairment Status*
| Characteristic . | Normal Hearing (n = 812) . | Hearing Impairment (n = 1,146) . | p Value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), y | 76.8 (2.7) | 77.9 (2.8) | <.001 |
| Race | |||
| Black | 340 (41.9) | 293 (25.6) | <.001 |
| White | 472 (58.0) | 863 (74.3) | |
| Male | 304 (37.4) | 632 (55.1) | <.001 |
| Education | |||
| <12th grade | 130 (16.0) | 204 (17.8) | .47 |
| High school graduate | 274 (33.7) | 394 (34.4) | |
| Some college or greater | 408 (50.2) | 548 (47.8) | |
| Site | |||
| Memphis | 342 (42.1) | 556 (48.5) | .006 |
| Pittsburgh | 470 (57.9) | 590 (51.5) | |
| Smoking | |||
| Current | 42 (5.2) | 68 (5.9) | .002 |
| Former | 366 (45.1) | 599 (52.3) | |
| Never | 409 (49.8) | 483 (41.8) | |
| Hypertension | 631 (77.7) | 879 (76.7) | .62 |
| Diabetes | 136 (16.7) | 220 (19.2) | .172 |
| Stroke | 55 (6.8) | 108 (9.4) | .038 |
| Hearing aid use | 5 (0.6) | 250 (21.8) | <.001 |
| Pure-tone average, mean (SD), dB HL | 18.1 ± (5.0) | 38.7 ± (10.8) | <.001 |
| 3MS examination, mean (SD) | 93.2 ± (5.1) | 92.4 ± (5.3) | <.001 |
| Gait speed, mean (SD), m/s | 1.1 ± (0.2) | 1.1 ± (0.2) | .128 |
| CES-D scale score, mean (SD) | 4.7 ± (4.1) | 4.8 ± (4.2) | .71 |
| Characteristic . | Normal Hearing (n = 812) . | Hearing Impairment (n = 1,146) . | p Value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), y | 76.8 (2.7) | 77.9 (2.8) | <.001 |
| Race | |||
| Black | 340 (41.9) | 293 (25.6) | <.001 |
| White | 472 (58.0) | 863 (74.3) | |
| Male | 304 (37.4) | 632 (55.1) | <.001 |
| Education | |||
| <12th grade | 130 (16.0) | 204 (17.8) | .47 |
| High school graduate | 274 (33.7) | 394 (34.4) | |
| Some college or greater | 408 (50.2) | 548 (47.8) | |
| Site | |||
| Memphis | 342 (42.1) | 556 (48.5) | .006 |
| Pittsburgh | 470 (57.9) | 590 (51.5) | |
| Smoking | |||
| Current | 42 (5.2) | 68 (5.9) | .002 |
| Former | 366 (45.1) | 599 (52.3) | |
| Never | 409 (49.8) | 483 (41.8) | |
| Hypertension | 631 (77.7) | 879 (76.7) | .62 |
| Diabetes | 136 (16.7) | 220 (19.2) | .172 |
| Stroke | 55 (6.8) | 108 (9.4) | .038 |
| Hearing aid use | 5 (0.6) | 250 (21.8) | <.001 |
| Pure-tone average, mean (SD), dB HL | 18.1 ± (5.0) | 38.7 ± (10.8) | <.001 |
| 3MS examination, mean (SD) | 93.2 ± (5.1) | 92.4 ± (5.3) | <.001 |
| Gait speed, mean (SD), m/s | 1.1 ± (0.2) | 1.1 ± (0.2) | .128 |
| CES-D scale score, mean (SD) | 4.7 ± (4.1) | 4.8 ± (4.2) | .71 |
Notes: 3MS = Modified Mini-Mental State; CES-D = Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression.
*All values are expressed as No. (%) of participants unless otherwise indicated. Hearing impairment is defined as pure-tone average >25 dB HL at 0.5–4kHz in the better ear.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of the Study Cohort by Hearing Impairment Status*
| Characteristic . | Normal Hearing (n = 812) . | Hearing Impairment (n = 1,146) . | p Value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), y | 76.8 (2.7) | 77.9 (2.8) | <.001 |
| Race | |||
| Black | 340 (41.9) | 293 (25.6) | <.001 |
| White | 472 (58.0) | 863 (74.3) | |
| Male | 304 (37.4) | 632 (55.1) | <.001 |
| Education | |||
| <12th grade | 130 (16.0) | 204 (17.8) | .47 |
| High school graduate | 274 (33.7) | 394 (34.4) | |
| Some college or greater | 408 (50.2) | 548 (47.8) | |
| Site | |||
| Memphis | 342 (42.1) | 556 (48.5) | .006 |
| Pittsburgh | 470 (57.9) | 590 (51.5) | |
| Smoking | |||
| Current | 42 (5.2) | 68 (5.9) | .002 |
| Former | 366 (45.1) | 599 (52.3) | |
| Never | 409 (49.8) | 483 (41.8) | |
| Hypertension | 631 (77.7) | 879 (76.7) | .62 |
| Diabetes | 136 (16.7) | 220 (19.2) | .172 |
| Stroke | 55 (6.8) | 108 (9.4) | .038 |
| Hearing aid use | 5 (0.6) | 250 (21.8) | <.001 |
| Pure-tone average, mean (SD), dB HL | 18.1 ± (5.0) | 38.7 ± (10.8) | <.001 |
| 3MS examination, mean (SD) | 93.2 ± (5.1) | 92.4 ± (5.3) | <.001 |
| Gait speed, mean (SD), m/s | 1.1 ± (0.2) | 1.1 ± (0.2) | .128 |
| CES-D scale score, mean (SD) | 4.7 ± (4.1) | 4.8 ± (4.2) | .71 |
| Characteristic . | Normal Hearing (n = 812) . | Hearing Impairment (n = 1,146) . | p Value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), y | 76.8 (2.7) | 77.9 (2.8) | <.001 |
| Race | |||
| Black | 340 (41.9) | 293 (25.6) | <.001 |
| White | 472 (58.0) | 863 (74.3) | |
| Male | 304 (37.4) | 632 (55.1) | <.001 |
| Education | |||
| <12th grade | 130 (16.0) | 204 (17.8) | .47 |
| High school graduate | 274 (33.7) | 394 (34.4) | |
| Some college or greater | 408 (50.2) | 548 (47.8) | |
| Site | |||
| Memphis | 342 (42.1) | 556 (48.5) | .006 |
| Pittsburgh | 470 (57.9) | 590 (51.5) | |
| Smoking | |||
| Current | 42 (5.2) | 68 (5.9) | .002 |
| Former | 366 (45.1) | 599 (52.3) | |
| Never | 409 (49.8) | 483 (41.8) | |
| Hypertension | 631 (77.7) | 879 (76.7) | .62 |
| Diabetes | 136 (16.7) | 220 (19.2) | .172 |
| Stroke | 55 (6.8) | 108 (9.4) | .038 |
| Hearing aid use | 5 (0.6) | 250 (21.8) | <.001 |
| Pure-tone average, mean (SD), dB HL | 18.1 ± (5.0) | 38.7 ± (10.8) | <.001 |
| 3MS examination, mean (SD) | 93.2 ± (5.1) | 92.4 ± (5.3) | <.001 |
| Gait speed, mean (SD), m/s | 1.1 ± (0.2) | 1.1 ± (0.2) | .128 |
| CES-D scale score, mean (SD) | 4.7 ± (4.1) | 4.8 ± (4.2) | .71 |
Notes: 3MS = Modified Mini-Mental State; CES-D = Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression.
*All values are expressed as No. (%) of participants unless otherwise indicated. Hearing impairment is defined as pure-tone average >25 dB HL at 0.5–4kHz in the better ear.
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