Table A3. Open in new tab Relationship...

OLS	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
Ind. density	−0.0251^*	−0.0233	0.0145	0.0149	−0.0231^**	−0.0218^**	−0.0228^**	−0.0221^**
	(0.0145)	(0.0145)	(0.0154)	(0.0154)	(0.00984)	(0.00982)	(0.0109)	(0.0109)
Density spillover	−0.00486		−0.0182^***		−0.00513^*		−0.00962^***
	(0.0038)		(0.00473)		(0.00263)		(0.00289)
Downstream density		0.00315		−0.00866^*		0.00143		−0.00311
		(0.00374)		(0.00454)		(0.00269)		(0.00274)
Upstream density		−0.00830^***		−0.0106^***		−0.00687^***		−0.00707^***
		(0.00319)		(0.0038)		(0.00233)		(0.00254)
HH Index	0.0183	0.0183	0.0136	0.0136	0.00752	0.00754	0.00539	0.0054
	(0.0141)	(0.0141)	(0.0142)	(0.0142)	(0.00886)	(0.00885)	(0.00977)	(0.00977)
Lab. productivity	−0.0049	−0.0049	0.00181	0.00181	0.00142	0.00141	0.00415	0.00415
	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.00421)	(0.00421)	(0.00249)	(0.00249)	(0.00282)	(0.00282)
Observations	23524	23524	23524	23524	23524	23524	23524	23524
R-squared	0.368	0.368	0.465	0.465	0.377	0.377	0.411	0.411
2SLS	(9)	(10)	(11)	(12)	(13)	(14)	(15)	(16)
	Skill Gaps	Vacancies	Skill-Shortage Vacancies	Hard-to-Fill Vacancies
Ind. density	0.00796	0.00817	−0.0591^*	−0.0592^*	−0.0643^***	−0.0644^***	−0.0501^**	−0.0504^**
	(0.0358)	(0.0359)	(0.0345)	(0.0345)	(0.0209)	(0.021)	(0.0238)	(0.0239)
Density spillover	−0.00626		−0.00488		−0.000174		−0.00418
	(0.00574)		(0.00688)		(0.00408)		(0.00447)
Downstream density		−0.00168		−0.00368		−0.00115		−0.0052
		(0.00454)		(0.00596)		(0.00372)		(0.00352)
Upstream density		−0.00435		−0.0018		0.000613		−0.000179
		(0.00446)		(0.00544)		(0.00332)		(0.00358)
HH Index	0.0227	0.0227	0.00885	0.00885	0.00591	0.0059	0.00769	0.00769
	(0.0159)	(0.0159)	(0.0155)	(0.0155)	(0.00977)	(0.00978)	(0.0106)	(0.0106)
Lab. productivity	−0.00394	−0.00394	−0.000627	−0.000625	0.000498	0.0005	0.0032	0.0032
	(0.00447)	(0.00447)	(0.00447)	(0.00447)	(0.00266)	(0.00266)	(0.00296)	(0.00296)
F-stat.	1888.1	543.18	1888.1	543.18	1888.1	543.18	1888.1	543.18
Observations	20252	20252	20252	20252	20252	20252	20252	20252
R-squared	0.069	0.069	0.127	0.127	0.093	0.093	0.111	0.111
TTWA-SIC2 FE	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
YEAR FE	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
TTWA-YEAR FE	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y

OLS

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

Skill gaps

Vacancies

Skill-shortage vacancies

Hard-to-fill vacancies

Ind. density

−0.0251^*

−0.0233

0.0145

0.0149

−0.0231^**

−0.0218^**

−0.0228^**

−0.0221^**

(0.0145)

(0.0154)

(0.00984)

(0.00982)

(0.0109)

Density spillover

−0.00486

−0.0182^***

−0.00513^*

−0.00962^***

(0.0038)

(0.00473)

(0.00263)

(0.00289)

Downstream density

0.00315

−0.00866^*

0.00143

−0.00311

(0.00374)

(0.00454)

(0.00269)

(0.00274)

Upstream density

−0.00830^***

−0.0106^***

−0.00687^***

−0.00707^***

(0.00319)

(0.0038)

(0.00233)

(0.00254)

HH Index

0.0183

0.0136

0.00752

0.00754

0.00539

0.0054

(0.0141)

(0.0142)

(0.00886)

(0.00885)

(0.00977)

Lab. productivity

−0.0049

0.00181

0.00142

0.00141

0.00415

(0.004)

(0.00421)

(0.00249)

(0.00282)

Observations

23524

R-squared

0.368

0.465

0.377

0.411

2SLS

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

(15)

(16)

Skill Gaps

Vacancies

Skill-Shortage Vacancies

Hard-to-Fill Vacancies

Ind. density

0.00796

0.00817

−0.0591^*

−0.0592^*

−0.0643^***

−0.0644^***

−0.0501^**

−0.0504^**

(0.0358)

(0.0359)

(0.0345)

(0.0209)

(0.021)

(0.0238)

(0.0239)

Density spillover

−0.00626

−0.00488

−0.000174

−0.00418

(0.00574)

(0.00688)

(0.00408)

(0.00447)

Downstream density

−0.00168

−0.00368

−0.00115

−0.0052

(0.00454)

(0.00596)

(0.00372)

(0.00352)

Upstream density

−0.00435

−0.0018

0.000613

−0.000179

(0.00446)

(0.00544)

(0.00332)

(0.00358)

HH Index

0.0227

0.00885

0.00591

0.0059

0.00769

(0.0159)

(0.0155)

(0.00977)

(0.00978)

(0.0106)

Lab. productivity

−0.00394

−0.000627

−0.000625

0.000498

0.0005

0.0032

(0.00447)

(0.00266)

(0.00296)

F-stat.

1888.1

543.18

1888.1

543.18

1888.1

543.18

1888.1

543.18

Observations

20252

R-squared

0.069

0.127

0.093

0.111

TTWA-SIC2 FE

YEAR FE

TTWA-YEAR FE

OLS	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
Ind. density	−0.0251^*	−0.0233	0.0145	0.0149	−0.0231^**	−0.0218^**	−0.0228^**	−0.0221^**
	(0.0145)	(0.0145)	(0.0154)	(0.0154)	(0.00984)	(0.00982)	(0.0109)	(0.0109)
Density spillover	−0.00486		−0.0182^***		−0.00513^*		−0.00962^***
	(0.0038)		(0.00473)		(0.00263)		(0.00289)
Downstream density		0.00315		−0.00866^*		0.00143		−0.00311
		(0.00374)		(0.00454)		(0.00269)		(0.00274)
Upstream density		−0.00830^***		−0.0106^***		−0.00687^***		−0.00707^***
		(0.00319)		(0.0038)		(0.00233)		(0.00254)
HH Index	0.0183	0.0183	0.0136	0.0136	0.00752	0.00754	0.00539	0.0054
	(0.0141)	(0.0141)	(0.0142)	(0.0142)	(0.00886)	(0.00885)	(0.00977)	(0.00977)
Lab. productivity	−0.0049	−0.0049	0.00181	0.00181	0.00142	0.00141	0.00415	0.00415
	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.00421)	(0.00421)	(0.00249)	(0.00249)	(0.00282)	(0.00282)
Observations	23524	23524	23524	23524	23524	23524	23524	23524
R-squared	0.368	0.368	0.465	0.465	0.377	0.377	0.411	0.411
2SLS	(9)	(10)	(11)	(12)	(13)	(14)	(15)	(16)
	Skill Gaps	Vacancies	Skill-Shortage Vacancies	Hard-to-Fill Vacancies
Ind. density	0.00796	0.00817	−0.0591^*	−0.0592^*	−0.0643^***	−0.0644^***	−0.0501^**	−0.0504^**
	(0.0358)	(0.0359)	(0.0345)	(0.0345)	(0.0209)	(0.021)	(0.0238)	(0.0239)
Density spillover	−0.00626		−0.00488		−0.000174		−0.00418
	(0.00574)		(0.00688)		(0.00408)		(0.00447)
Downstream density		−0.00168		−0.00368		−0.00115		−0.0052
		(0.00454)		(0.00596)		(0.00372)		(0.00352)
Upstream density		−0.00435		−0.0018		0.000613		−0.000179
		(0.00446)		(0.00544)		(0.00332)		(0.00358)
HH Index	0.0227	0.0227	0.00885	0.00885	0.00591	0.0059	0.00769	0.00769
	(0.0159)	(0.0159)	(0.0155)	(0.0155)	(0.00977)	(0.00978)	(0.0106)	(0.0106)
Lab. productivity	−0.00394	−0.00394	−0.000627	−0.000625	0.000498	0.0005	0.0032	0.0032
	(0.00447)	(0.00447)	(0.00447)	(0.00447)	(0.00266)	(0.00266)	(0.00296)	(0.00296)
F-stat.	1888.1	543.18	1888.1	543.18	1888.1	543.18	1888.1	543.18
Observations	20252	20252	20252	20252	20252	20252	20252	20252
R-squared	0.069	0.069	0.127	0.127	0.093	0.093	0.111	0.111
TTWA-SIC2 FE	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
YEAR FE	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
TTWA-YEAR FE	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y

Table A3.

Open in new tab

Relationship between agglomeration and skills vacancies and gaps—OLS and 2SLS estimates using data at TTWA and SIC2 level

OLS	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
	Skill gaps		Vacancies		Skill-shortage vacancies		Hard-to-fill vacancies
Ind. density	−0.0251^*	−0.0233	0.0145	0.0149	−0.0231^**	−0.0218^**	−0.0228^**	−0.0221^**
	(0.0145)	(0.0145)	(0.0154)	(0.0154)	(0.00984)	(0.00982)	(0.0109)	(0.0109)
Density spillover	−0.00486		−0.0182^***		−0.00513^*		−0.00962^***
	(0.0038)		(0.00473)		(0.00263)		(0.00289)
Downstream density		0.00315		−0.00866^*		0.00143		−0.00311
		(0.00374)		(0.00454)		(0.00269)		(0.00274)
Upstream density		−0.00830^***		−0.0106^***		−0.00687^***		−0.00707^***
		(0.00319)		(0.0038)		(0.00233)		(0.00254)
HH Index	0.0183	0.0183	0.0136	0.0136	0.00752	0.00754	0.00539	0.0054
	(0.0141)	(0.0141)	(0.0142)	(0.0142)	(0.00886)	(0.00885)	(0.00977)	(0.00977)
Lab. productivity	−0.0049	−0.0049	0.00181	0.00181	0.00142	0.00141	0.00415	0.00415
	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.00421)	(0.00421)	(0.00249)	(0.00249)	(0.00282)	(0.00282)
Observations	23524	23524	23524	23524	23524	23524	23524	23524
R-squared	0.368	0.368	0.465	0.465	0.377	0.377	0.411	0.411
2SLS	(9)	(10)	(11)	(12)	(13)	(14)	(15)	(16)
	Skill Gaps		Vacancies		Skill-Shortage Vacancies		Hard-to-Fill Vacancies
Ind. density	0.00796	0.00817	−0.0591^*	−0.0592^*	−0.0643^***	−0.0644^***	−0.0501^**	−0.0504^**
	(0.0358)	(0.0359)	(0.0345)	(0.0345)	(0.0209)	(0.021)	(0.0238)	(0.0239)
Density spillover	−0.00626		−0.00488		−0.000174		−0.00418
	(0.00574)		(0.00688)		(0.00408)		(0.00447)
Downstream density		−0.00168		−0.00368		−0.00115		−0.0052
		(0.00454)		(0.00596)		(0.00372)		(0.00352)
Upstream density		−0.00435		−0.0018		0.000613		−0.000179
		(0.00446)		(0.00544)		(0.00332)		(0.00358)
HH Index	0.0227	0.0227	0.00885	0.00885	0.00591	0.0059	0.00769	0.00769
	(0.0159)	(0.0159)	(0.0155)	(0.0155)	(0.00977)	(0.00978)	(0.0106)	(0.0106)
Lab. productivity	−0.00394	−0.00394	−0.000627	−0.000625	0.000498	0.0005	0.0032	0.0032
	(0.00447)	(0.00447)	(0.00447)	(0.00447)	(0.00266)	(0.00266)	(0.00296)	(0.00296)
F-stat.	1888.1	543.18	1888.1	543.18	1888.1	543.18	1888.1	543.18
Observations	20252	20252	20252	20252	20252	20252	20252	20252
R-squared	0.069	0.069	0.127	0.127	0.093	0.093	0.111	0.111
TTWA-SIC2 FE	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
YEAR FE	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
TTWA-YEAR FE	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y

OLS	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
	Skill gaps		Vacancies		Skill-shortage vacancies		Hard-to-fill vacancies
Ind. density	−0.0251^*	−0.0233	0.0145	0.0149	−0.0231^**	−0.0218^**	−0.0228^**	−0.0221^**
	(0.0145)	(0.0145)	(0.0154)	(0.0154)	(0.00984)	(0.00982)	(0.0109)	(0.0109)
Density spillover	−0.00486		−0.0182^***		−0.00513^*		−0.00962^***
	(0.0038)		(0.00473)		(0.00263)		(0.00289)
Downstream density		0.00315		−0.00866^*		0.00143		−0.00311
		(0.00374)		(0.00454)		(0.00269)		(0.00274)
Upstream density		−0.00830^***		−0.0106^***		−0.00687^***		−0.00707^***
		(0.00319)		(0.0038)		(0.00233)		(0.00254)
HH Index	0.0183	0.0183	0.0136	0.0136	0.00752	0.00754	0.00539	0.0054
	(0.0141)	(0.0141)	(0.0142)	(0.0142)	(0.00886)	(0.00885)	(0.00977)	(0.00977)
Lab. productivity	−0.0049	−0.0049	0.00181	0.00181	0.00142	0.00141	0.00415	0.00415
	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.00421)	(0.00421)	(0.00249)	(0.00249)	(0.00282)	(0.00282)
Observations	23524	23524	23524	23524	23524	23524	23524	23524
R-squared	0.368	0.368	0.465	0.465	0.377	0.377	0.411	0.411
2SLS	(9)	(10)	(11)	(12)	(13)	(14)	(15)	(16)
	Skill Gaps		Vacancies		Skill-Shortage Vacancies		Hard-to-Fill Vacancies
Ind. density	0.00796	0.00817	−0.0591^*	−0.0592^*	−0.0643^***	−0.0644^***	−0.0501^**	−0.0504^**
	(0.0358)	(0.0359)	(0.0345)	(0.0345)	(0.0209)	(0.021)	(0.0238)	(0.0239)
Density spillover	−0.00626		−0.00488		−0.000174		−0.00418
	(0.00574)		(0.00688)		(0.00408)		(0.00447)
Downstream density		−0.00168		−0.00368		−0.00115		−0.0052
		(0.00454)		(0.00596)		(0.00372)		(0.00352)
Upstream density		−0.00435		−0.0018		0.000613		−0.000179
		(0.00446)		(0.00544)		(0.00332)		(0.00358)
HH Index	0.0227	0.0227	0.00885	0.00885	0.00591	0.0059	0.00769	0.00769
	(0.0159)	(0.0159)	(0.0155)	(0.0155)	(0.00977)	(0.00978)	(0.0106)	(0.0106)
Lab. productivity	−0.00394	−0.00394	−0.000627	−0.000625	0.000498	0.0005	0.0032	0.0032
	(0.00447)	(0.00447)	(0.00447)	(0.00447)	(0.00266)	(0.00266)	(0.00296)	(0.00296)
F-stat.	1888.1	543.18	1888.1	543.18	1888.1	543.18	1888.1	543.18
Observations	20252	20252	20252	20252	20252	20252	20252	20252
R-squared	0.069	0.069	0.127	0.127	0.093	0.093	0.111	0.111
TTWA-SIC2 FE	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
YEAR FE	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
TTWA-YEAR FE	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y

Notes: Results estimated using OLS and 2SLS models. Robust standard errors clustered at the region-industry level reported in parentheses.

Source: Authors’ elaboration based on ESS and BSD data.

^***p < 0.01, ^**p < 0.05, ^*p < 0.1.

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