Table 2. Open in new tab Relationship...

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
Ind. density	−0.0256^**	−0.0263^**	−0.0398^***	−0.0382^***	−0.0294^***	−0.0290^***	−0.0316^***	−0.0311^***
	(0.0123)	(0.0125)	(0.0119)	(0.0120)	(0.00698)	(0.00707)	(0.00738)	(0.00746)
Density spillover	−0.00165		0.00388		−0.0116^*		−0.00867
	(0.00905)		(0.0146)		(0.00702)		(0.0104)
Downstream density		0.00843		−0.0189		−0.0119		−0.0103
		(0.0133)		(0.0123)		(0.00989)		(0.0104)
Upstream density		−0.00474		0.0108		−0.00640^**		−0.00197
		(0.00833)		(0.0101)		(0.00327)		(0.00691)
HH Index	−0.0413	−0.0438	−0.0877^**	−0.0821^**	−0.0284	−0.0269	−0.0620^*	−0.0605^*
	(0.0490)	(0.0492)	(0.0364)	(0.0365)	(0.0283)	(0.0283)	(0.0334)	(0.0335)
Lab. productivity	0.0109^*	0.0108^*	−0.00137	−0.00111	−0.00192	−0.00185	−0.00650	−0.00643
	(0.00614)	(0.00613)	(0.00761)	(0.00761)	(0.00418)	(0.00418)	(0.00512)	(0.00512)
NUTS2-IND FE	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
YEAR FE	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
NUTS2-YEAR FE	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
Observations	2,083	2,083	2,081	2,081	2,082	2,082	2,081	2,081
R-squared	0.196	0.196	0.304	0.303	0.343	0.343	0.380	0.380

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

Skill gaps

Vacancies

Skill-shortage vacancies

Hard-to-fill vacancies

Ind. density

−0.0256^**

−0.0263^**

−0.0398^***

−0.0382^***

−0.0294^***

−0.0290^***

−0.0316^***

−0.0311^***

(0.0123)

(0.0125)

(0.0119)

(0.0120)

(0.00698)

(0.00707)

(0.00738)

(0.00746)

Density spillover

−0.00165

0.00388

−0.0116^*

−0.00867

(0.00905)

(0.0146)

(0.00702)

(0.0104)

Downstream density

0.00843

−0.0189

−0.0119

−0.0103

(0.0133)

(0.0123)

(0.00989)

(0.0104)

Upstream density

−0.00474

0.0108

−0.00640^**

−0.00197

(0.00833)

(0.0101)

(0.00327)

(0.00691)

HH Index

−0.0413

−0.0438

−0.0877^**

−0.0821^**

−0.0284

−0.0269

−0.0620^*

−0.0605^*

(0.0490)

(0.0492)

(0.0364)

(0.0365)

(0.0283)

(0.0334)

(0.0335)

Lab. productivity

0.0109^*

0.0108^*

−0.00137

−0.00111

−0.00192

−0.00185

−0.00650

−0.00643

(0.00614)

(0.00613)

(0.00761)

(0.00418)

(0.00512)

NUTS2-IND FE

YEAR FE

NUTS2-YEAR FE

Observations

2,083

2,081

2,082

2,081

R-squared

0.196

0.304

0.303

0.343

0.380

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
Ind. density	−0.0256^**	−0.0263^**	−0.0398^***	−0.0382^***	−0.0294^***	−0.0290^***	−0.0316^***	−0.0311^***
	(0.0123)	(0.0125)	(0.0119)	(0.0120)	(0.00698)	(0.00707)	(0.00738)	(0.00746)
Density spillover	−0.00165		0.00388		−0.0116^*		−0.00867
	(0.00905)		(0.0146)		(0.00702)		(0.0104)
Downstream density		0.00843		−0.0189		−0.0119		−0.0103
		(0.0133)		(0.0123)		(0.00989)		(0.0104)
Upstream density		−0.00474		0.0108		−0.00640^**		−0.00197
		(0.00833)		(0.0101)		(0.00327)		(0.00691)
HH Index	−0.0413	−0.0438	−0.0877^**	−0.0821^**	−0.0284	−0.0269	−0.0620^*	−0.0605^*
	(0.0490)	(0.0492)	(0.0364)	(0.0365)	(0.0283)	(0.0283)	(0.0334)	(0.0335)
Lab. productivity	0.0109^*	0.0108^*	−0.00137	−0.00111	−0.00192	−0.00185	−0.00650	−0.00643
	(0.00614)	(0.00613)	(0.00761)	(0.00761)	(0.00418)	(0.00418)	(0.00512)	(0.00512)
NUTS2-IND FE	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
YEAR FE	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
NUTS2-YEAR FE	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
Observations	2,083	2,083	2,081	2,081	2,082	2,082	2,081	2,081
R-squared	0.196	0.196	0.304	0.303	0.343	0.343	0.380	0.380

Table 2.

Open in new tab

Relationship between agglomeration and skills vacancies and gaps—2SLS estimates

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
	Skill gaps		Vacancies		Skill-shortage vacancies		Hard-to-fill vacancies
Ind. density	−0.0256^**	−0.0263^**	−0.0398^***	−0.0382^***	−0.0294^***	−0.0290^***	−0.0316^***	−0.0311^***
	(0.0123)	(0.0125)	(0.0119)	(0.0120)	(0.00698)	(0.00707)	(0.00738)	(0.00746)
Density spillover	−0.00165		0.00388		−0.0116^*		−0.00867
	(0.00905)		(0.0146)		(0.00702)		(0.0104)
Downstream density		0.00843		−0.0189		−0.0119		−0.0103
		(0.0133)		(0.0123)		(0.00989)		(0.0104)
Upstream density		−0.00474		0.0108		−0.00640^**		−0.00197
		(0.00833)		(0.0101)		(0.00327)		(0.00691)
HH Index	−0.0413	−0.0438	−0.0877^**	−0.0821^**	−0.0284	−0.0269	−0.0620^*	−0.0605^*
	(0.0490)	(0.0492)	(0.0364)	(0.0365)	(0.0283)	(0.0283)	(0.0334)	(0.0335)
Lab. productivity	0.0109^*	0.0108^*	−0.00137	−0.00111	−0.00192	−0.00185	−0.00650	−0.00643
	(0.00614)	(0.00613)	(0.00761)	(0.00761)	(0.00418)	(0.00418)	(0.00512)	(0.00512)
NUTS2-IND FE	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
YEAR FE	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
NUTS2-YEAR FE	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
Observations	2,083	2,083	2,081	2,081	2,082	2,082	2,081	2,081
R-squared	0.196	0.196	0.304	0.303	0.343	0.343	0.380	0.380

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
	Skill gaps		Vacancies		Skill-shortage vacancies		Hard-to-fill vacancies
Ind. density	−0.0256^**	−0.0263^**	−0.0398^***	−0.0382^***	−0.0294^***	−0.0290^***	−0.0316^***	−0.0311^***
	(0.0123)	(0.0125)	(0.0119)	(0.0120)	(0.00698)	(0.00707)	(0.00738)	(0.00746)
Density spillover	−0.00165		0.00388		−0.0116^*		−0.00867
	(0.00905)		(0.0146)		(0.00702)		(0.0104)
Downstream density		0.00843		−0.0189		−0.0119		−0.0103
		(0.0133)		(0.0123)		(0.00989)		(0.0104)
Upstream density		−0.00474		0.0108		−0.00640^**		−0.00197
		(0.00833)		(0.0101)		(0.00327)		(0.00691)
HH Index	−0.0413	−0.0438	−0.0877^**	−0.0821^**	−0.0284	−0.0269	−0.0620^*	−0.0605^*
	(0.0490)	(0.0492)	(0.0364)	(0.0365)	(0.0283)	(0.0283)	(0.0334)	(0.0335)
Lab. productivity	0.0109^*	0.0108^*	−0.00137	−0.00111	−0.00192	−0.00185	−0.00650	−0.00643
	(0.00614)	(0.00613)	(0.00761)	(0.00761)	(0.00418)	(0.00418)	(0.00512)	(0.00512)
NUTS2-IND FE	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
YEAR FE	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
NUTS2-YEAR FE	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
Observations	2,083	2,083	2,081	2,081	2,082	2,082	2,081	2,081
R-squared	0.196	0.196	0.304	0.303	0.343	0.343	0.380	0.380

Notes: Results estimated using a 2SLS model. Robust standard errors clustered at the region-industry level reported in parentheses.

Source: Authors’ elaboration based on ESS and BSD data.

^***p < 0.01, ^**p < 0.05, ^*p < 0.1.

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